an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It can accept data (input), process that data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

The collection of raw data from the outside world (e.g., typing on a keyboard, clicking a mouse, a sensor reading a temperature).

The manipulation or calculation of that data by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This is where the actual "work" happens (e.g., adding numbers, applying a filter to an image).

The presentation of the processed data into a readable or usable format (e.g., displaying text on a monitor, printing a receipt, playing a sound).

Saving data, programs, or output for future use (e.g., writing a file to a hard drive or solid-state drive).

Raw, unorganized, and isolated facts, numbers, or symbols. By itself, it lacks context (e.g., the number 100, the word Red).

Data that has been organized, structured, and processed to provide meaning and context (e.g., 100 degrees Celsius, Red traffic light).

Operations occur in fractions of a second (microseconds, nanoseconds).

Hardware components have a low failure rate.

Given the same input and instructions, a computer will produce the exact same output every time.

They can store massive amounts of data in a very small physical space.

Most modern computers can communicate with other computers, sharing data and resources over networks.

Personal Computers(Microcomputers)

Designed for individual use (e.g., desktops, laptops).

Mobile Devices & Tablets

Highly portable devices with touchscreens and cellular/Wi-Fi Connectivity.

Servers/ Midrange Computers

Designed to provide services, data, or applications to other computers (clients) over a network.

Massive, expensive systems built to handle thousands of connected users and process millions of transactions simultaneously (used by large banks, airlines).

The fastest, most powerful computers in the world, capable of performing complex mathematical calculations and simulations(e.g., weather forecasting, quantum mechanics).

Specialized computers that are part of a larger product or machine, designed to perform a single dedicated function (e.g., the computer systems in a car's anti-lock brakes, or a smart thermostat).

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Computing Concepts

Term	Definition
Computer	an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It can accept data (input), process that data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.
Input	The collection of raw data from the outside world (e.g., typing on a keyboard, clicking a mouse, a sensor reading a temperature).
Process	The manipulation or calculation of that data by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This is where the actual "work" happens (e.g., adding numbers, applying a filter to an image).
Output	The presentation of the processed data into a readable or usable format (e.g., displaying text on a monitor, printing a receipt, playing a sound).
Storage	Saving data, programs, or output for future use (e.g., writing a file to a hard drive or solid-state drive).
Data	Raw, unorganized, and isolated facts, numbers, or symbols. By itself, it lacks context (e.g., the number 100, the word Red).
Information	Data that has been organized, structured, and processed to provide meaning and context (e.g., 100 degrees Celsius, Red traffic light).
Speed	Operations occur in fractions of a second (microseconds, nanoseconds).
Reliability	Hardware components have a low failure rate.
Consistency	Given the same input and instructions, a computer will produce the exact same output every time.
Storage	They can store massive amounts of data in a very small physical space.
Communications	Most modern computers can communicate with other computers, sharing data and resources over networks.
Personal Computers(Microcomputers)	Designed for individual use (e.g., desktops, laptops).
Mobile Devices & Tablets	Highly portable devices with touchscreens and cellular/Wi-Fi Connectivity.
Servers/ Midrange Computers	Designed to provide services, data, or applications to other computers (clients) over a network.
Mainframes	Massive, expensive systems built to handle thousands of connected users and process millions of transactions simultaneously (used by large banks, airlines).
Supercomputers	The fastest, most powerful computers in the world, capable of performing complex mathematical calculations and simulations(e.g., weather forecasting, quantum mechanics).
Embedded Computers	Specialized computers that are part of a larger product or machine, designed to perform a single dedicated function (e.g., the computer systems in a car's anti-lock brakes, or a smart thermostat).

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