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PHARMACOLOGY
1st year- 1st sem PRELIM
| What is Pharmacology? | Study of the biological effects of chemicals (drugs) on living organisms. |
| Meaning of Pharmakon? | Drug, medicine, remedy, poison, spell, or charm. |
| Pharmacologist | Discovers and develops new drugs and studies their effects and mechanisms. |
| Pharmacist | Dispenses medications and teaches patients their safe and effective use. |
| Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. | Pharmacotherapeutics / Clinical Pharmacology |
| Two focuses of Clinical Pharmacology | Drug → Body = Effects of the drug on the body. Body → Drug = How the body responds to the drug. |
| 5 Nurse's Responsibilities in Drug Therapy | Administer drugs safely. Assess drug effects. Make drug regimen more tolerable. Teach patients about medications. Monitor the care plan to prevent medication errors. |
| Why administer drugs safely? | Prevent medication errors and ensure the correct drug, route, and time. |
| Two major sources of drugs | Natural Synthetic |
| Four Natural Sources | Plants Animals Mineral/Earth Microbiological |
| Active compounds are extracted from leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, or bark. | Plant drugs |
| Mnemonic for DOH-approved herbal medicines | SANTA LUBBY |
| Diuretic; kidney stones and urinary problems. | Sambong |
| Antifungal; ringworm and athlete's foot. | Akapulko |
| Deworming; intestinal worms. | Niyog-niyogan |
| Diarrhea, stomachache, cramps, mouthwash. | Tsaang Gubat |
| Helps lower blood sugar. | Ampalaya |
| Cough, colds, asthma, mild fever; loosens phlegm. | Lagundi |
| Lowers uric acid; gout and arthritis. | Ulasimang Bato |
| Helps lower blood pressure and cholesterol. | Bawang |
| Antiseptic for wounds; helps diarrhea. | Bayabas |
| Natural pain reliever. | Yerba Buena |
| Drugs extracted from animal tissues, organs, or secretions. Examples: Insulin, Heparin, Cod liver oil. | Animal sources of drugs |
| Drugs from naturally occurring inorganic substances. Examples: Iron, Magnesium, Lithium, Iodine. | Mineral/Earth sources |
| Drugs produced by fungi and bacteria. Examples: Penicillin and Streptomycin. | Microbiological sources |
| Semi-synthetic drugs | Natural compounds chemically modified to improve potency, reduce side effects, enhance stability, alter solubility, or improve absorption. Examples: Heroin, Ampicillin, Aspirin. |
| Synthetic drugs | Created entirely in laboratories from chemical building blocks. Examples: Paracetamol and Methamphetamine. |
| Purpose of FDA drug evaluation | Ensures drugs are safe and reliable before public marketing. |
| Stages of Drug Development | Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV |
| Where are preclinical trials done? | Cell cultures (in vitro) and animal models (in vivo). |
| Goals of Preclinical Trials | Determine toxicity. Study absorption and excretion. Check if drug works against disease. |
| IND | Investigational New Drug application submitted before human testing. |
| Phase I participants | 20–100 healthy volunteers (sometimes terminally ill patients). |
| Goals of Phase I | Evaluate safety. Determine maximum safe dose. Identify early side effects. Study pharmacokinetics. |
| Phase I success rate | About 70% proceed to Phase II. |
| Phase II participants | 100–300 patients with the target disease. |
| Goals of Phase II | Determine efficacy. Find optimal therapeutic dose. Continue safety monitoring. |
| Double-blind study | Neither the patient nor the doctor knows who receives the drug, placebo, or standard treatment. |
| Phase II success rate | About 33% proceed to Phase III. |
| Goals of Phase III | Confirm efficacy. Detect rare side effects. Compare with standard treatment/placebo. Collect safety and effectiveness data. |
| Phase III success rate | About 25–30% of drugs entering Phase I reach the end of Phase III. |
| Brand/Trade Name | Name given by the pharmaceutical company. |
| Generic Name | Original name assigned during approval. |
| Chemical Name | Name based on the drug's chemical structure. |
| Drug Lag | Delay between a drug's discovery and approval or between approval in one country and another. |
| Fast Track | FDA process that speeds development and review of drugs for serious conditions with unmet medical needs. |
| Benefits of Fast Track | Frequent FDA communication. Rolling review of application. |
| When does Phase IV begin? | After FDA approval and marketing. |
| Goal of Phase IV | Detect rare or long-term adverse effects under real-world conditions. |
| Possible Phase IV actions if safety issues occur | Black Box Warning Additional safety restrictions Removal from the market |
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