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FINALLLLLL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chief Complaint | the reason why the patient came to see the physician |
| History of Present Illness | explanation of the CC to determine the onset of the illness |
| Past, Family, and Social History | summary of personal and family health problems as well as social history including marital status, occupation, use of drugs, etc. |
| Body Processes Necessary for Life | body temperature, respiration, heart function |
| Vital Signs of Body Function | temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure |
| Febrile | presence of fever |
| Afebrile | absence of fever |
| Intermittent Fever | fluctuating fever that returns to or below baseline |
| Remittent Fever | fluctuating fever that remains elevated and does not return to baseline |
| Continuous Fever | fever that remains constant; does not fluctuate |
| Axillary Temperature | least accurate; taken under the arm |
| Tympanic Temperature | useful for children; placed in the ear |
| Rectal Temperature | per rectum; most effective |
| Normal Adult Pulse Range | between 60–100 bpm |
| Apical Pulse | taken over the apex of the heart by auscultation |
| Normal Respiration Rate | 12–20 per minute (adults) |
| Apnea | temporary complete absence of breathing |
| Tachypnea | respiration rate greater than 40 per minute |
| Bradypnea | decrease in the number of respirations |
| Cheyne-Stokes | regular pattern of irregular breathing rate |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
| AMS | Agent, Modes of Transmission, Susceptible Hosts |
| Agents | infectious microorganisms that can be classified into groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites |
| Portal of Exit | the method by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir |
| 5 Modes of Transmission | droplet, airborne, common vehicle, vectorborne, contact (direct or indirect) |
| Susceptible Host | not resistant or immune |
| Medical Asepsis | the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body |
| Disinfection | use of various chemicals to destroy many pathogenic microorganisms |
| 1:10 Solution | most readily available and least expensive disinfectant |
| Surgical Asepsis | all microbial life, pathogens and nonpathogens, are destroyed before an invasive procedure |
| Gas Sterilization | often used for wheelchairs and hospital beds |
| Dry Heat Sterilization | requires higher temperatures than steam sterilization but longer exposure times |
| Chemical Sterilization | use of the same chemicals used for chemical disinfection |
| Steam Sterilization (Autoclave) | uses steam under pressure to obtain a temperature of 250–254°F with an exposure time of 20–40 minutes |
| Handwashing | the most important means of preventing the spread of infection |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | masks, goggles, face shields, respirators |
| Isolation Precautions | method of infection control that assumes all human blood and body fluids are potentially infectious |
| Standard Precautions | designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other body fluids by using PPE |
| Shock | occurs when there is insufficient return of blood flow to the heart |
| Right Ventricle | receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation |
| Pulmonary Arteries | the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood |
| Left Atrium | receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins |
| Pulmonary Veins | the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood |
| Left Ventricle | receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta |
| Aorta | the largest artery of the body |
| Atrioventricular (AV) Valves | tricuspid valve and mitral valve |
| Tricuspid Valve | between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| Mitral Valve | between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| Pulmonic Valve | between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
| Aortic Valve | between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Murmurs | caused by diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities |
| S1 | first heart sound |
| S2 | second heart sound |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| ANS | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | affects both the atria and ventricles by increasing the heart rate |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | affects only the atria by decreasing the heart rate |
| Automaticity | the ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate their own electrical impulse without stimulation from another source |
| Excitability | the ability to respond to external stimuli such as chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli |
| Horizontal Axis | represents time; 1 mm |
| Vertical Axis | measured in millivolts |
| Running Speed | 25 mm/sec |
| Conductivity | the ability of all cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and transmit it to other cardiac cells |
| Contractility | the ability of cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus |
| Depolarization | positive; contraction |
| Repolarization | negative; relaxation |
| SA Node | primary pacemaker of the heart with a normal firing rate of 60–100 bpm |
| Lead I | left arm is positive; right arm is negative |
| Lead II | left leg is positive; right arm is negative |
| Lead III | left leg is positive; left arm is negative |
| Lead aVR | right arm is positive and the other limbs are negative |
| Lead aVL | left arm is positive and the other limbs are negative |
| Lead aVF | left leg/foot is positive and the other limbs are negative |
| Waveform | movement away from the isoelectric line |
| Segment | line between two waveforms |
| Interval | waveform plus a segment |
| Complex | several waveforms |
| P Wave | deflection produced by atrial depolarization |
| QRS Complex | represents ventricular depolarization (activation) |
| Q Wave | initial negative deflection |
| R Wave | first positive deflection |
| S Wave | first negative deflection |
| T Wave | deflection produced by ventricular repolarization |
| Wandering Baseline | causes the baseline of the tracing to move up and down due to interference with the signal |
| Stress Test | noninvasive diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of coronary artery disease |
| Ischemia | decrease in the amount of blood flow |
| Holter Monitor | contains 5 electrodes attached to the patient's trunk |
| Code of Ethics | standards of right and wrong |
| Blood Vessels | aorta, arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava |
| Tunica Adventitia | outer connective tissue layer |
| Tunica Media | middle smooth muscle layer |
| Tunica Intima | inner endothelial layer |
| Average Blood Amount for an Adult | 5–6 liters |
| Plasma | liquid portion of the blood |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells |
| 120 Days | normal life span of a red blood cell (RBC) |
| Leukocyte Function | protects against infection |
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) | small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm |
| Hemostasis | process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury |
| Vascular Phase | stage 1 of hemostasis |
| Platelet Phase | stage 2 of hemostasis |
| Coagulation Phase | stage 3 of hemostasis |
| Fibrinolysis | stage 4 of hemostasis |
| Antecubital Fossa | preferred site for venipuncture |
| Median Cubital Vein | first-choice vein for venipuncture |
| Cephalic Vein | second-choice vein for venipuncture |
| Basilic Vein | third-choice vein for venipuncture |
| Winged Infusion Sets | used for pediatric and elderly patients |
| Fasting Specimen | requires the patient to abstain from eating for at least 12 hours |
| Edema | accumulation of fluid in the tissues |
| Fistula | permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein |
| Gram | basic unit of weight or mass |
| Kilo | one thousand |
| Deci | one-tenth |
| Centi | one-hundredth |
| Milli | one-thousandth |
| Micro | one-millionth |
| Nano | one-billionth |
| Components of the Urinary System | two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and a urethra |
| First Morning Sample | most commonly used for routine urinalysis |
| Midstream Specimen | collected in the middle of urination, not at the beginning or end of voiding |
| Clean Catch Specimen | requires special cleaning of the external genitalia before collection |
| Average Urine Output | 1,200–1,500 mL every 24 hours |
| Examination of Urine | physical, chemical, and microscopic examination |
| Glucose | sugar typically found in urine |
| Duty | duty of care |
| Derelict | breach of duty of care |
| Direct Cause | legally recognizable injury |
| Damage | wrongful activity must have caused the injury |
| Tort | wrongful act that results in injury to one person by another |
| Good Samaritan Law | rendering of first aid by health care professionals at the scene of an accident or sudden injury |
| 1 small box (1mm) | 0.04 seconds (40 MS) |
| 1 large box (5 mm) | 0.02 seconds (200 MS) |
| 5 large boxes | 1 second |
Created by:
Valentine.Taylor