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Blood
A & P Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is blood? | a type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix |
| what is the circulatory system made up of? | heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| What are the main functions of blood? | to transport substances, help maintain homeostasis, and distribute waste |
| What does blood transport? | nutrients for energy and building materiel, oxygen to the body cells, hormones, antibodies, & removes metabolic waste |
| what does blood contain? | erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma |
| What is an erythrocyte? | red blood cells |
| what is a leukocyte? | white blood cell |
| what is a thrombocyte? | platelets |
| what is plasma? | the fluid matrix of blood |
| what are the formed elements of blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes |
| where are the formed elements of blood produced? | red bone marrow |
| what is the normal pH of blood? | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| what is the % of the formed elements and its name? | 45% that is called hematocrit |
| how much plasma makes up blood volume? | 55% |
| how much blood does an average adult have? | 5 liters |
| what shape do erythrocytes have? | biconcave discs |
| what does hemoglobin do? | carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body |
| what is oxyhemoglobin? | when oxygen combines with hemoglobin (turns bright red) |
| what is deoxyhemoglobin? | when oxygen is released (turns darker red) |
| Describe ATP and how its produced? | no mitochondria, does not use the oxygen its transporting and is produced by glycoses |
| what is the production of erythrocytes? | Erythropoiesis |
| where does the production of erythrocytes occur? | red bone marrow |
| what is erythrocytes produced from? | hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) |
| average life span of erythrocyte? | 120 days or 4 months |
| What does polycythemia cause? | viscous, slow moving blood & oxygen deficiency |
| What causes polycythemia? | an excessive increase of erythrocytes |
| What is the traditional core body temp? | 98.6 |
| what is the long-term feedback mechanism? | negative |
| What is the short-term feedback mechanism? | positive |
| What is pernicious anemia? | deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate vitamin B12 absorption |
| What causes iron deficient anemia? | dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding ulcer |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | variant in a gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin structure |
| what is infarction? | complete lack of blood flow |
| what is thrombosis? | abnormal blood clotting |
| what can thrombosis lead to? | infarction |
| what is ischemia? | reduces blood flow compared to normal |
| where is most iron stored? | the liver but can recycle to red bone marrow to synthesize new erythrocytes |
| what do leukocytes do? | help defend the body against disease |
| How do leukocytes help fight disease/ | by diapedesis |
| Describe diapedesis? | leukocytes leaving the blood stream by squeezing between cells of wall of capillaries |
| what are capillaries? | small blood vessels |
| what is the function of capillaries? | exchange substances between the blood and the body's cells |
| what is granulacyte? | a leukocyte that has glandular cytoplasm with a life span of 12 hours |
| what are 3 types of granulacytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| what is a neutrophil? | strong phagocytes that especially eat bacteria; have fine, purple staining granules; a nucleus with 2 -5 lobes |
| what is the most abundant leukocyte? | neutrophils |
| what is an eosinophil? | kill certain parasites; course granules that stain deep red; bi lobed nucleus |
| what is a basophil? | promotes inflammation/ pro inflammatory by secreting heparin and histamine; stain dark blue |
| what is heparin? | an anticoagulant |
| what is histamine? | a vasodilator |
| what are some major signs of inflammation? | heat, redness, pain and swelling |
| what are 2 major causes of inflammation? | infection or trauma/injury |
| what is an agranulocyte? | a type of leukocyte that does not have glandular cytoplasm, has a longer life span |
| what are 2 types of agranulocytes? | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| what are monocytes? | largest circulating blood cells; variably shaped nuclei; lifespan of weeks-months; strong phagocytes for about anything; migrate to some tissues & differentiate into macrophages |
| what are phagocytes? | engulf and destroy harmful micronisms |
| what are macrophages? | eat and destroy germs, clean up dead or damaged cells, and help other immune cells recognize and attack pathogens |
| what are lymphocytes? | life span of years; smallest leukocytes; responsible for specific/adaptive immunity; attack specific pathogens |
| what are the 2 types of lymphocytes? | b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes |
| what are b lymphocytes? | make antibodies/ immunoglobins |
| what is an immunoglobin? | proteins that bind antigens |
| what are the 2 types of t lymphocytes? | helper and killer |
| what are helper t lymphocytes? | release hormones called cytokines that increase other leukocyte activities |
| what are killer t lymphocytes? | release perforin to make a hole in an infected body cell to destroy that cell before it becomes a pathogen factory |
| what are the purpose of platelets? | to help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges...forming platelet plugs |
| what is plasma mostly made of ? | water 92% |
| what are the functions of plasma? | to transport nutrients & gases, regulate fluid & electrolyte balance, & maintain an optimal pH |
| What are the 3 types of plasma proteins? | albumins, globulins, fibrinogen |
| what are albumins? | involved with osmotic balance; most abundant plasma protein |
| what are globulins? | immunoglobulins/antibodies |
| what is fibrinogen? | helps form blood clots/coagulation when converted to fibrin |
| how does fibrinogen convert to fibrin? | via thrombin |
| what is another clotting factor? | calcium |
| what is hemostasis? | the stoppage of bleeding/keeping blood in the cardiovascular system |
| what 3 processes can be used to help prevent blood loss after injury? | vasospasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation/clotting |
| what is a vasospasm? | smooth muscle involuntary/automatic contractions make the vessel narrower to lessen blood loss |
| what is platelet plug formation? | a "dogpile" of platelets forming on a vascular lesion |
| what is blood coagulation/clotting? | fibrin (soluble) is formed by thrombin from fibrinogen (insoluble) |
| what is fibrinlysis? | clot dissolution- plasmin |
| what does plasmin do/ | digests the fibrin thread |
Created by:
mimistudies