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Sociology
Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Definition of Sociology | Sociology is interested in facts, social actions, and social relationships. |
| Levels of analysis | Macro, Institutional, and mirco. |
| Institution (definition and examples) | An established system of rules and strategies that defines how people are related to each other and how they should act in a given situation. |
| Solidarity | The sense of belonging and connection to a particular group |
| Power and Resistance | Power: A social relationship where one individual or group influences the conduct of others directly or indirectly Resistance: Opposition to the exercise of power |
| Social Structure | The seen and unseen regular organized patterns of social life |
| Inequality | The uneven distribution of social resources. |
| Reflexivity | The ability to see yourself as part of a wider social scene |
| W.E.B. DuBois | The founder of the 1st school of sociology in the U.S. Black (was treated unjustly) American Sociologist Civil rights activist First Black person to earn a degree from Harvard Uni Wrote a lot about Black culture, communities, and politics Foun |
| Auguste Comte | French philosopher One of the first sociologists 6 "fundamental sciences” math, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology He thought sociology was to become the most important because it was the most complex/connected? |
| Socialization | All the ways we learn about society’s beliefs, values, and expected behaviors throughout our lifetime. |
| Looking-glass theory | Cooley’s looking glass theory: A concept that says we develop a social self based on how we think other people perceive us. |
| Mead’s play stage | Begins around age 3 when children engage in role-playing games, imagining themselves as other people. |
| Achieved and Ascribed Statuses | Achieved Status earned by own action (Ex. student, doctor, husband) Ascribed Status assigned by society, not chosen by individual, not easily changed. |
| Role | Set of expected behaviors associated with a particular status Strain- when the expected behaviors for the SAME status are in conflict (Mother) Conflict- when the expected behavior for 2 or more statues are in conflict. (Mother/Professional) |
| Symbolic Interactionism | A perspective associated with the Chicago school of sociology that argues that people develop a social self through interaction with others. |
| Social Capital | Resource and sense of trust and security that are available through social networks |
| Culture | The set of beliefs, knowledge, practices, and material objects that are meaningful to a group of people and shared from generation to generation |
| Multiculturalism | A society’s commitment to the celebration and the protection of all the different cultural practices and traditions. |
| Material Culture | All the cultural objects that are produced by a social group or society |
| Values | General social ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad, and important and unimportant. |
| Norms | Shared expectations about how people should act in a particular situation. |
| Sanctions | Actions that reward or punish people for following or not following cultural norms. |
| Xenophobia | Fear or hatred or people from a different cultural background. |
| Deviance | Any behavior that is outside social boundaries for what count as normal and acceptable. Deviance changes over time because norms change. |
| Broken Windows Policing | Ignoring small crimes and minor violations creates a spiral of increasing deviance and more serious crimes. “Slippery slope” |
| Crime v. Deviance | Crime is deviant behavior that is defined and regulated by law. |
| Labeling Theory | People become deviant when they are labeled as deviant people. |
| Social Control Theory | A theory that people who have strong social bonds and attachments in their community are less likely to engage in deviant behavior. |
| Merton’s Strain Theory | Deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals. |
| Recidivism | The likelihood that a person will engage in future criminal behavior. |
| Empirical | Fact-based information about the social or natural world. The scientific method is based on empirical research |
| Informed Consent | People must consent to being studied and researchers must provide enough info for participants to make an informed decision. |
| Quantitative Research | Methods that collect number data that can be analyzed using statistical data. |
| Qualitative Research | Methods that collect non # info such as texts (words), transcriptions, or images. |
| Independent and Dependant Variables | Variables affect influence dependant variables →BLANK affects BLANK Dependent variable The variable being affected BLANK affects BLANK← |
| Correlation v. Causation | Correlation A change in one variable happens at the same time and or place as another variable Causation A change in one variable CAUSES a change in another variable |
| Literature Review | Scholarly Research about what other researchers have done Peer reviewed! |
| Marx | One of the most influential intellectuals of the 19th century. Communist Manifesto |
| Bourgeoisie and Proletariat | Bourgeoisie The dominant capitalist class. They own the means of production Proletariat The dominated working class |
| Stratification | Structured patterns of inequality between different groups of people |
| Ascriptiveness | How much ascribed status (Race, etc.) determines life chances in a stratification system |
| Shares of total U.S. household income | Top 10%: 45.5% Middle 40%: 41.2% Bottom 50%: 13.3% |
| Federal Poverty Line for a Family of Four | $33,000 |
| Racial Determinism | Idea that people are divided into biologically distinct races with different abilities in each. |
| Racial/Ethnic makeup of U.S. population | Non-Hispanic Whites: 58.9% Hispanic/Latino American: 19.1% Black or African American: 13.6 Asian: 6.3% Native American/Alaska Native: 1.39% Two or more races: 3.0% |
| Race as a Social Construct | Beginning in the 18th century, scientists created classifications systems for all living things including humans. All of the scientists were European (white), and placed Europeans on top of the hierarchy. |
| Consequences of Housing Segregation | Wealth:property values depreciated Education:Good houses=property tax=good schools=good houses Health: Lead paint, get sick more often, cancer, no water, no access to food. Policing: More violent police, no confidence in police, less safe |
| Redlining | Most Americans build wealth through home ownership On color coded neighborhood maps created by the government for approving mortgages, red stood for low income, no loans, black/brown people. “Dangerous for loans” Whites kept Blacks out of White neighb |
| Institutional Racism | Policies and procedures in a social institution that disadvantage nonwhites |
| Sex v. Gender | Sex: An assignment at birth based on physical attributes Gender socially constructed roles for women and men that define expected behaviors for each |
| Gender Socialization | The ways of learning society beliefs, values, and expected behaviors throughout life. |
| Patriarchy | A social system rooted in male power where men and masculinity are considered superior to femininity. |
| Compulsive Heterosexuality | A social order in which sexual desire between males and females is understood to be the only normal form of sexuality, and is enforced through medical, legal, religious, and other social institutions. |
| Transgender | Describes someone who does not exclusively identify with sex defined at birth. |
| Gender Binary | The division of society into two rigid categories of men and women with strictly separate, sometimes opposite roles. |
| Glass Escalator | Men in female dominated professions experience hidden advantages that fast track their career mobility, promotions, and leadership roles.* |
| The Lavender Scare | A fear that gay people were a threat to the government security |
| Kinsey Scale | A 7 point rating system ranging from 0 to 6 (plus an X category) created by Alfred Kinsey in 1948 to measure sexual orientation as a continuous spectrum rather than a strict binary.* |
| Family | A group of related people connected by biological, emotional or legal bonds |
| Second Shift | The unpaid housework and childcare women perform after returning home from their paid job. |
| Acceptance of Same-Sex Marriage | 2015 SCOTUS Obergefell v. Hodges can not prevent same sex marriages Americans support same-sex marriage by a 2 to 1 margin |
| Economic Challenges After Divorce | Drop in household income, high housing and living costs, and expensive legal fees.* |
| Gender inequality in families | Division of housework Different emphases on raising girls/boys |
| Extended families | A family with a household that includes parents, children, Aunts, Grandparents, etc. |
| Blended families | Step parent, step siblings, or half siblings |
| U.S. family leave policies | 0 paid days of maternal and paternal leave |
| Social factors that affect families | Income, gender roles, technology and media, and race.* |
| Deportation | About 6 million children under 18 years of age live with at least 1 undocumented parents Deportation leads to negative outcomes in finances, mental health, education, and it can result in sending kids in the child welfare program. |
| Intimate partner violence | The physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former spouse or partner Women are 5x more likely than men to be victims Women are 6x more likely to be assaulted by an intimate partner than by a stranger Most likely victims are females 1 |
| Cosmology | A society system of knowledge and beliefs used to understand how the world works and is organized. |
| Monotheism | Belief in only one deity that created the world and is responsible for all the living things |
| Sacred and Profane | Sacred Something that is set apart or of ultimate significance (time object space) Profane Everyday objectives time or space |
| Ritual | Event or practice that reaffirms the meaning of the sacred |
| Secularization Theory | The idea that religion will be less important in modern society. |
| Religious Makeup of the U.S. population | Christian 60% 40% Protestant 20% Catholic 28% Religiously unaffiliated Other faith 9% |
| Fundamentalism | Movement among “true” believers against modern secular society Belief that modern society is attacking their religion Literal interpretation of sacred texts Conservative (especially with family roles and gender) Intolerant of dissenting beliefs |
| Interfaith Cooperation | Increases understanding and reduces prejudice Strengthens social cohesion and reduces chances for identity-based conflict Creates bridging social capital and addresses social problems Supports identity community and reduces isolation Creates healt |
| Medicalization | A social problem comes to be created or redefined as a medical issue |
| Social factors in life expectancy | Location Food Desert Income Cultural Race Gender |
| Components of the U.S. healthcare system | Healthcare providers Meet, treat, receipt you Health insurance companies Health insurance: A way to pay healthcare where members pay a regular fee into a pool to be used when they need medical care. In the U.S., health insurance is a for profit b |
| Most common mental illnesses in the U.S. | Anxiety 19% |
| Politics | The struggle for influence and control over the state. |
| Coercive power | A system of punishments and rewards used to force people to act in a certain way. |
| one-party state | A state where all the candidates in an election come from a single political party (Chine, N. Korea, etc.) |
| Constitutional monarchy | When power is held by elected officials and a king or queen serves as ceremonial head of state. |
| Rational-legal authority | Power based on clearly defined written rules |
| Branches and levels of government | c'mon, you know this: President and stuff |
| Voter suppression in the U.S./ Gerrymandering | Less time to vote Ban more accessible voting No water/ snacks No transportation Gerrymandering: manipulating the boundaries of a voting district to promote one party. |
| Capitalism | an economic system that is based on the private ownership of property. All economic activity is based on potential profit and prodiction of goods and services is controlled by private individuals. |
| Socialism | economy in which goods are produced according to social needs and production is owned and controlled collectively by the workers themselves |
| Precarious employment | jobs with low wages, few to no benefits, and no long-term securtiy |
| Types of capitalism | A. Competititve capitalism, monopoly capitalism, and transactional capitalism. |
| Deindustrialization and consequences | Community • Losing the union/ community building • Muncie population decreases • Community starts to fail (drug use goes up, run down houses, businesses less likely to go there, businesses in service might start to close) • Tax revenue goes down, s |
| Alexander’s question about technology | “Technologies fo not simply impose themselves on our consciousness; they must be made meaningful through a common cultural framework of interpretation, which is based on competing narratives of salvation or apocalypse. In other words, when we think about |
| Technology sector in U.S. economy | Makes up 10% of entire U.S. economy, and 19% of jobs are related to IT in some way |
| Technology and inequality | Technology has led to a greater concentration of wealth. (Either very good jobs, or very low paying, no inbetween) |
| Technology and segregation | Rich tech workers tend to live in the same areas. |
| Early technology and democracy | The printing press allowed large numbers of people in the U.S., France, and England to all read about issues of common concern. |
| Threats to jobs from AI | It takes away more white than blue collar jobs. It is not the end of the world as it creates jobs to but it has taken many mundane tasks away. |
| Social media and democracy | Media can expand the audience for political awareness. Media and social media today express the ideas of the political, social, business, and academic elite. Can exclude everyday citizens. Journalists need elected officials in order to report on political |
| Agenda setting | News organizations do not determine what people think, but they can determine what people think about. Government officials guide the public agenda through press releases, press conferences, and posts on “X” or “Truth Social” |
| Funding for media | Advertising sales fund media/social media outlets. Outlets try to publish news that appeals to wealthy people and provokes an emotional response. This means less news content about important issues. |
| Media consolidation | In recent years, a small number of media companies have become dominant - they control a huge amount of the media market. This reduces the diversity of content that is covered and produced and makes it less likely the media will report critically of polit |
| U.S. per capita spending on health care | $15,474, or 18%* |
Created by:
avonessenivytech.edu