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RAD 100 Mid Term

QuestionAnswer
What does angling the central ray 25 degrees cephalic mean? The central ray is angled 25 degrees toward the patient’s head.
What does angling the central ray caudally mean? The central ray is directed toward the patient’s feet.
What do proximal and distal mean? Proximal means closer to the trunk or point of attachment. Distal means farther from the trunk or point of attachment.
What are the two classifications of the human skeleton? The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
What structures are included in the axial and appendicular skeletons? The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
What is the Trendelenburg position? The patient is lying supine with the head lower than the feet.
What do supine and recumbent mean? Supine means lying on the back with the face upward. Recumbent is a general term meaning the patient is lying down.
What are the primary planes of the body? Sagittal divides the body into right and left, coronal divides it into anterior and posterior, and transverse divides it into superior and inferior portions.
Why are body planes important in radiography? They help radiographers align the patient, central ray, and image receptor correctly and describe the orientation of anatomy.
What are positioning landmarks? Palpable anatomical structures used to locate and center the correct anatomy, such as the iliac crest, epicondyles, and styloid processes.
What are common routine projections for upper-extremity imaging? Hands and wrists commonly use PA, oblique, and lateral projections. Forearms and humeri usually use AP and lateral projections, while elbows commonly use AP, oblique, and lateral views.
Why are multiple projections used for upper-extremity examinations? They demonstrate the anatomy from different angles, reduce superimposition, and help identify fractures or other abnormalities.
How is kVp usually adjusted for an extremity inside a fiberglass cast? kVp is generally increased slightly—often about 3–4 kVp—to penetrate the cast. The technologist should follow the facility’s technique chart.
What is the purpose of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)? AEC measures radiation reaching the selected detector and automatically ends the exposure when enough radiation has reached the image receptor.
How does proper AEC use support patient safety? Correct detector selection and positioning help prevent overexposure, underexposure, and repeat images. AEC cannot correct poor positioning.
When and why is a grid used? A grid is used for thicker body parts or examinations using higher kVp. It absorbs scatter radiation before it reaches the receptor, improving image contrast.
What are the main components of an x-ray system? X-ray tube, Generator, Control/operating console, Image receptor, Tube support and Collimator.
How do radiographic tables and tube-support systems differ? Tables may have stationary or free-floating tops and may raise, lower, or tilt. Tube supports may be ceiling-suspended, floor-mounted, floor-to-ceiling, C-arm, or U-arm systems.
Where is the central ray centered for hand and wrist imaging? For a PA hand, center the CR perpendicular to the third metacarpophalangeal joint. For a PA wrist, center it perpendicular to the midcarpal area.
What are supination and pronation? Supination rotates the forearm so the palm faces upward or anteriorly. Pronation rotates it so the palm faces downward or posteriorly.
Why should the long axis of the body part align with the long axis of the image receptor? Proper orientation includes the required anatomy, prevents cutoff, uses the receptor efficiently, and reduces the chance of a repeat exposure.
Created by: user-2046200
 

 



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