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Anatomy &Pathophy
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AAA | Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| ABN | Advance beneficiary notice |
| abscess | A pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue |
| acute | A short-term illness that occurs rapidly with specific signs and symptoms |
| AMI | Acute myocardial infarction |
| Anaplasia | An increase in undifferentiated cells with abnormal structures and growth patterns typically seen in cancers |
| Anatomical site | References a specific location within the anatomy (body) |
| Anorexia | Aversion to eating due to body dysmorphia |
| Antagonistic reaction | The combination of two or more substances that decreases the effect of either of the substances |
| Ante- | Prefix meaning before or in front of |
| Anterior | Toward the front of the body |
| Anteroposterior (AP) | The image was taken or the procedure was performed from front to back. |
| Antigen | A microbe or other substance that creates the production of antibodies |
| Antiseptic | Chemicals that are applied to the body to significantly reduce the number of organisms, particularly on the surface of the skin |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung and is a complication of many primary conditions |
| Atrophy | The decrease in size or mass of a cell due to lack of nutrients, use, or hormonal or neurological action |
| Bacilli | Rod-shaped organisms |
| Bacteremia | Presence of bacteria in the blood, usually a precursor to septicemia |
| Bactericidal | Drugs or substances that destroy organisms |
| Bacteriostatic | Drugs or substances that decrease the rate of reproduction of bacteria |
| Benign (Medical Science) | Nonthreatening, mild, nonmalignant |
| Bilateral (Medical Science) | Both sides |
| Bronchiectasis | Irreversible abnormal widening of the medium-sized bronchi caused by recurrent inflammation and infection |
| Buccal (buc) | Inside the cheek |
| CABG | Coronary artery bypass graft |
| Cachexia | Severe weight loss and wasting away of the body tissues due to serious illness or condition such as cancer |
| Carcinogen | A substance that has the ability to change normal cell formation and growth causing cancer |
| Cardiovascular | Heart, pericardium, arteries, and veins |
| Carrier | A person who plays host to an infectious disease but who is asymptomatic but can transmit the condition |
| Caudal | Toward the tail (really means tail) |
| Cephalad | Toward the head of the body |
| Chronic | A long-term condition that typically occurs slowly over time and usually causes more permanent damage to body tissues |
| Coagulation | Process of a liquid transitioning into a solid such as blood forming a clot |
| Cocci | Spherical-shaped organisms |
| Congenital (Medical Science) | Occurring or forming in utero |
| Corona virus | Any of a family of single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals and birds, causing respiratory infections such as the common cold, SARS, and COVID-19 in humans, and that have spikes of glycoproteins projecting from the viral envelope |
| Cortical | The outer region |
| CPAP | Continuous positive airway pump: a machine that provides humified room air at a pressure that maintains an open airway, typically used for sleep apnea disorders |
| crani | Root term meaning skull |
| Culture and sensitivity test | The process of taking a sample or specimen (such as sputum, urine, or mucosal scraping), from an affected individual to grow and identify an organism causing a particular condition in a petri dish in a controlled environment, then determining which antibi |
| CVA | Cerebrovascular accident |
| Cytology | The study of the shape, size, and growth of cells |
| Deep | Toward the inside of the body |
| Dehydration | A decrease in body fluids from either lack of ingesting proper amounts or liquids or excessive loss of fluids |
| dermis | Skin |
| Diagnosis | The illness or condition of an individual established after a complete review of signs and symptoms, tests and/or procedures, or the use of various tools and equipment |
| Differentiation | The cells’ ability to specialize and grow into specific functioning tissues |
| Digestive | Mouth, palate, uvula, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, esophagus, stomach, intestines, appendix, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, abdomen, peritoneum, and omentum |
| Disinfectant | A substance that may hinder the growth or destroy a variety of microbes |
| Distal | Away from the torso |
| Dorsal | Toward (or along) the back (spine) of the body |
| Dorsal recumbent | The patient is lying on his or her back, knees bent, feet flat on the table |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Dysphasia | Difficulty speaking |
| Dyspnea | Difficulty breathing |
| ECG (or EKG) | Electrocardiogram |
| -ectomy | Suffix that indicates a procedure to surgically remove an anatomical site |
| ECMO | Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a method of life support used to oxygenate the blood in individuals with lung failure, using a machine or artificial lung outside of the body, allowing the heart and lungs to rest |
| Edema | Swelling of tissues due to the buildup of excess fluid in and around cells |
| Embolus | A piece of a clot or thrombus that has broken off and travels through the body that may lodge in another organ and cause blockage |
| Endemic | A condition that consistently occurs in a population within a specified area |
| endo- | Prefix that indicates inside or internal |
| Endocrine | Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and thymus |
| EOB | Explanation of benefits |
| epi- | Prefix meaning on or upon |
| Epidemic | A significantly higher than normal rate of an occurrence of a disease or condition within a population, usually within a specified geographic location such as city, state, or country |
| Epidemiology | The study of diseases, their determinants, and their distribution within a specified population to establish patterns and trends of occurrence |
| Erythema | Redness of the skin or tissues in the inflammatory response |
| ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
| Etiology | Study of the causes and predisposing factors of diseases, illnesses, and conditions |
| Exudate | Additional interstitial fluid that has collected in an area in the inflammatory response |
| Fomite | Inanimate objects, such as needles or eating utensils, that indirectly transmit diseases |
| Front and back | The frontal plane invisibly divides the body in half: front and back |
| Fulminant | Severe, acute, and uncontrolled progression of a disease or condition |
| Gangrene | Dead or necrotic tissue that has become infected |
| gastro | Root term for stomach |
| H&P | History and physical |
| HEENT | Head, ears, eyes, nose, throat |
| Helminth | Worms that are parasites that cause a variety of diseases around the world |
| Hematologic | Blood itself and the blood-forming organs |
| Herd immunity | When a substantial percentage of a population is immune to a disease (either through vaccination or previous exposure), thereby decreasing the spread of the disease and increasing the protection of vulnerable individuals |
| hidro | Sweat glands |
| Homeostasis | The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal metabolic and functional environment regardless of outside stimuli or environment |
| Hyperplasia | The increase in the number of cells resulting in a mass of increased tissue |
| Hypertrophy | The increase in the size or mass of a cell due to an increase in work or usage, hormones, or nutrients |
| Hypovolemia | A decrease in blood volume in the body |
| Hypoxia | A significant decrease in oxygen in the tissues |
| Iatrogenic | The cause of the disease or condition is the actual medical treatment or procedure, which includes errors in decision making, skills, or processes used to treat an individual |
| Idiopathic | Cause of the disease or condition is unknown |
| Immunity | The ability of an individual, animal, or organism to resist disease either through exposure, immunization, passage of antibodies from mother to baby, or injection of antiserum |
| Immunodeficient | The reduced capacity of the body’s immune system to fight off infections |
| In situ | Cellular reproduction and growth that remains in the originating tissue, not spreading |
| Incidence | The statistical calculation of the rate of new cases of an illness or condition within a specified population |
| Incubation period | The established timeframe from when an organism first comes in contact with an individual to when the individual shows clinical symptoms of infection |
| Infarction | Death of a tissue due to lack of oxygen |
| Infection | State of being contaminated with any of a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other microbes |
| Infection control | The processes and equipment used to decrease the risk of spreading microorganisms that can cause infections, particularly in health care facilities |
| Inferior | Toward the bottom (the feet) of the body |
| Inflammation | Body’s nonspecific response to injury resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain |
| Infusion (INF) (Medical Science) | Using a mechanism to insert fluid into a vein |
| Injection (INJ) (Medical Science) | Using a syringe and needle to insert fluid into the body |
| Integumentary | Skin, subcutaneous tissue, accessory structures, hair, and nails |
| Intra-arterial (IA | Into an artery |
| Intradermal (ID) | Into the skin |
| Intramuscular (IM) | Into a muscle |
| Intranasal (INH | Into the nose |
| Intrathecal (IT) | Into the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord |
| Intravenous (IV) (Medical Science | Into a vein |
| Intubated | The process of inserting a tube into the larynx or other hollow organ or space; typically, in order to assist with breathing |
| Isolation | The separation of an individual who has or is thought to have a disease that can be passed on to others |
| -itis | Suffix meaning inflammation or infection |
| Knee-chest | The patient is face down on the table, arms above head, buttocks in the air, with knees at right angle |
| Side | Toward the side (either side) |
| Lateral (lat) | The image was taken from one side to the other side |
| Left | Toward the left of the patient |
| Left anterior oblique (LAO) | The image was taken at an angle from the left front |
| Left posterior oblique (LPO) | The image was taken at an angle from the left back |
| Lesion (Medical Science) | An abnormal growth within tissues or organs |
| Leukocytosis | An increase in white blood cells |
| Leukopenia | A decrease in white blood cells |
| Lithotomy position | The patient is lying on his or her back, knees bent and apart, feet in stirrups |
| Lymphatic | Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels |
| Malignant (Medical Science) | Life-threatening condition or growth; cancerous |
| MDM | Medical decision making |
| Medial | Toward the middle of the body |
| Medullary | The inner region |
| Metastasis (Medical Science) | The uncontrolled spread of cancerous cells to other organs in the body |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system’s ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses |
| Morbidity (Medical Science) | The state of disease(s) in a person or population |
| Musculoskeletal | Muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones |
| Mutation | A change in the DNA structure or sequence of a cell that may lead to a disease or condition |
| Necrosis | Death of a tissue |
| Neoplasia | Abnormal growth of new cells, can be benign or malignant |
| Nervous | Central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system |
| Nosocomial | An opportunistic infection acquired while a patient is in the hospital |
| Oblique (O) | The image was taken at an angle |
| -your own | Suffix meaning tumor |
| Opportunistic infection | A secondary infection that takes advantage of an individual’s weakened state in order to flourish |
| Oral (ORAL) | Taken by mouth |
| Osmosis | The ability that draws water or fluid through a permeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration |
| Palliative | Providing care and comfort and relieving pain from a condition but not curing it |
| Palmar | The surface of the palm of the hand |
| Pandemic | A significantly higher than normal rate of an occurrence of a disease or condition within populations of more than one continent |
| Parasite | Organism that requires a living host in order to surviv |
| Parenteral | Medication given by injection |
| Parietal | Toward the outer wall of the body |
| Pathogen | Disease causing microbes; germs |
| Pathogenesis | The process and development of a condition or disease that lead to body tissue changes |
| Pathology | The study of disease |
| Pathophysiology | The study of physiological processes of disease |
| Percutaneous | Into the skin |
| Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) | type of IV catheter that stays in the patient for long-term medication administration |
| Peritoneum | A membrane that lines the internal aspect of the abdominal cavity |
| Pharmacology | The study of medications (drugs) |
| Plant | The surface of the sole of the foot |
| - plastics | Suffix meaning surgical repair |
| POA | Present-on-admission |
| Later | Toward the back of the body |
| Posteroanterior (PA) | The image was taken back to front |
| Prevalence | The statistical calculation of the rate of existing cases of diseases or conditions in a specified population |
| Prodromal period | The time between the initial exposure of an individual to an organism where the disease process has begun, but the individual does not experience any symptoms |
| Prognosis | The prediction or probability of how well the individual will respond to treatment and the expected outcome |
| Prone | The patient is lying on his or her stomach, face downward |
| Prophylaxis | A process, activity, or tool that prevents a disease or condition from occurring |
| Proximal | Toward the torso (heart); usually applied to appendages; toward the point of attachment to the torso |
| PTCA | Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiogram |
| Pulmonary edema | Fluid that collects in the alveoli and interstitial areas of the lung decreasing the oxygenation of the blood, can be caused by many conditions |
| Pulmonary embolus | A blood clot or mass of other material that blocks the blood flow in arteries of the lung, typically arises from deep vein thrombosis, surgery, and other conditions external to the lungs and travels there through the bloodstream |
| Purulent exudate | Pus |
| Push | Injecting into an IV tube that has already been inserted into the patient |
| Pyrexia | Fever |
| Respiratory | Nose, accessory sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and pleura |
| Right | Toward the right of the patient |
| Right anterior oblique (RAO) | The image was taken at an angle from the right front |
| Right dose | The specific quantity of pharmaceutical prescribed |
| Right drug | The specific pharmaceutical prescribed |
| Right patient | The specific individual for whom this was prescribed |
| Right posterior oblique (RPO) | The image was taken at an angle from the right back |
| Right route | The specific route of administration as prescribed |
| Right time frame (time and frequency | The specific time schedule (such as every 4 hours or twice a day) |
| RSV | Respiratory syncytial virus |
| SARS-CoV-2 | . Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. The official name for COVID-19 |
| Semi-fowler’s | The patient is lying on his or her back with a headrest bringing the head and torso up at a 45 ° angle |
| Senescence | The act of aging or growing old |
| Sensory | Eyes (orbit, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, iris, lens, retina, etc.) and ears (external ear, middle ear, inner ear) |
| Septicemia | The state of a significantly large number of pathogens in the blood leading to sepsis, a systemic toxic inflammatory condition of the body that is often time fatal |
| Sequelae | Residual signs and symptoms that remain after the initial diagnosis condition has been treated |
| Side and side | The sagittal plane invisibly divides the body in half: right and left |
| Sims’ (left lateral) | The patient is lying on his or her stomach, right arm at side, right leg straight, left arm at right angle to head, left leg knee bent upward toward waist. (Sims’ right lateral position reverses the positions of the arms and legs) |
| Sitting | The patient is sitting up at a 90 ° angle to the table |
| Staphylo- | Prefix indicating microbe grows in grape-like clusters |
| Status asthmaticus | Severe asthma exacerbation, an asthma attack that does not improve with traditional treatment |
| Strepto- | Prefix indicating microbe grows in chains |
| Subcutaneous (SC or sub q) | Into the subcutaneous tissue |
| Sublingual (SL) | Under the tongue |
| Superficial | Toward the surface of the body |
| Superior | Toward the top (the head) of the body |
| Supine | The patient is lying on his or her back, face upward |
| Suppository | Into the rectum (R) or vagina (vag) |
| Syndrome | A group of signs and symptoms that typically occurs together due to an illness or condition |
| Synergistic reaction | The combination of two or more substances that produces an effect significantly greater than expected from either of the substances |
| tachy- | Prefix meaning fast or rapid |
| TBSA | Total body surface area |
| Teratogenic | Ability to cause malformations in fetus leading to congenital malformations due to exposure to various drugs, medications, or other substances |
| Therapeutic | Beneficial treatment |
| Thrombus | A blood clot attached to the inside of a vessel |
| Top and bottom | The transverse plane invisibly divides the body in half (top and bottom) |
| Toxin | Poison secreted by some microbes |
| Transverse | Across horizontally (side-to-side |
| Turgor | Degree of elasticity of the skin, a measure of dehydration |
| Urinary | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Vaccine | The administration of an attenuated or dead microorganism used to trigger an immune reaction and response |
| VAP | Ventilator-associated pneumonia |
| Vector | An animate object such as fleas, ticks, or animals that indirectly transmit diseases |
| Ventral | Toward (or along) the front (belly) of the body |
| Virion | A complete viral particle, consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell and constituting the infective form of a virus |
| Virulence | The degree of pathogenicity and severity of a microbe to cause disease, often determined by a death rate due to a specific microorganism |
| Virus | Submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasite requiring a living host for replication, has a protein coat, and has either DNA or RNA |
| Visceral | Toward an internal organ |
Created by:
cinthiajones31