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emb lec
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is organogenesis? | Development of specific tissues and organs of the body |
| What is an organ? | A group of tissues with similar function |
| What is an organ system? | Organs that perform related functions and are grouped together |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to the epidermis? | Surface ectoderm |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to hair follicles? | Surface ectoderm |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to sweat glands? | Surface ectoderm |
| What are the adult fates of the surface ectoderm in the skin? | Epidermis, hair follicles, and sweat glands |
| What embryonic structure gives rise to the dermis? | Dermatome of somite |
| What is the adult fate of the dermatome of the somite? | Dermis |
| What embryonic structure gives rise to skeletal muscle? | Myotome of somite |
| What is the adult fate of the myotome of the somite? | Skeletal muscle |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to smooth muscle of the GI tract? | Splanchnic mesoderm |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to cardiac muscle? | Splanchnic mesoderm |
| What are the muscular adult fates of the splanchnic mesoderm? | Smooth muscle of the GI tract and cardiac muscle |
| What embryonic tissue gives rise to smooth muscle of blood vessels? | Somatic mesoderm |
| What is the muscular adult fate of the somatic mesoderm? | Smooth muscle of blood vessels |
| What embryonic structure gives rise to the vertebrae? | Sclerotome of somite |
| What embryonic structure gives rise to the ribs? | Sclerotome of somite |
| What are the adult fates of the sclerotome of the somite? | Vertebrae and ribs |
| What cells secrete cartilage? | Chondroblasts |
| What cells secrete bone? | Osteoblasts |
| What cells secrete connective tissue fibers? | Fibroblasts |
| What embryonic cells give rise to chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts? | Mesenchymal cells and ectomesenchyme or neural crest cells |
| What are the adult fates of mesenchymal cells and ectomesenchyme? | Chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts |
| What is scoliosis? | Lateral deviation of the vertebral column |
| What is kyphosis? | Dorso-ventral deviation of the vertebral column or humpback |
| What is lordosis? | Ventro-dorsal deviation of the vertebral column |
| What is torticollis? | Abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebral column |
| What are the four alignment defects of the vertebral column listed in the lesson? | Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, and torticollis |
| Which alignment defect is a lateral deviation of the vertebral column? | Scoliosis |
| Which alignment defect produces a humpback appearance? | Kyphosis |
| Which alignment defect is described as ventro-dorsal deviation of the vertebral column? | Lordosis |
| Which alignment defect involves abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebral column? | Torticollis |
| What is spina bifida? | Failure of closure of the vertebral arches |
| What is rachischisis? | Failure of the neural tube to close; open spina bifida |
| What is spina bifida occulta? | Spina bifida covered by skin and subcutis |
| What is achondroplasia? | Premature physeal closure |
| What is arthrogryposis? | Joints are fixed in abnormal positions |
| What is hip dysplasia? | The acetabulum is shallow or there is a malformed femoral head affecting the hip joint |
| What is elbow dysplasia? | Abnormal development of parts of the elbow joint |
| What is amelia? | Complete absence of a limb |
| What is meromelia? | Absence of part of a limb |
| What is syndactyly? | Fusion of digits |
| What is brachydactyly? | Digits are shorter than normal |
| What is polydactyly? | Presence of extra digits |
| What is muscular hypertrophy according to the lesson? | Increased number of muscle fibers |
| Which cattle breed is given as an example of muscular hypertrophy? | Belgian Blue cattle |
| What defect results from failure of closure of the vertebral arches? | Spina bifida |
| What defect results when the neural tube fails to close? | Rachischisis |
| What defect is an open form of spina bifida? | Rachischisis |
| What form of spina bifida is covered by skin and subcutis? | Spina bifida occulta |
| What skeletal malformation involves premature closure of the growth plate? | Achondroplasia |
| What condition causes joints to become fixed in abnormal positions? | Arthrogryposis |
| What condition involves a shallow acetabulum or malformed femoral head? | Hip dysplasia |
| What condition involves abnormal development of parts of the elbow joint? | Elbow dysplasia |
| What is complete absence of a limb called? | Amelia |
| What is absence of only part of a limb called? | Meromelia |
| What is fusion of the digits called? | Syndactyly |
| What is shortening of the digits called? | Brachydactyly |
| What is the presence of extra digits called? | Polydactyly |
| What is the embryonic origin of the heart? | Endocardial tube |
| What is the adult fate of the endocardial tube? | Heart |
| What happens to aortic arch 1? | It degenerates |
| What happens to aortic arch 2? | It degenerates |
| What is the adult fate of aortic arch 3? | Internal carotid artery |
| What is the adult fate of the left aortic arch 4 plus the 7th intersegmental artery according to the lesson? | Subclavian artery |
| What is the adult fate of the right aortic arch 4 according to the lesson? | Adult aortic arch |
| What is the adult fate of the proximal part of aortic arch 6? | Pulmonary artery |
| What does the distal part of the aortic arch form? | Ductus arteriosus, which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum |
| What does the ductus arteriosus become after closure? | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| What is the adult fate of the dorsal aorta? | Adult aorta |
| What is the adult fate of the cranial intersegmental arteries cranial to the 7th? | Vertebral arteries |
| What are the adult fates of the caudal intersegmental arteries caudal to the 7th? | Intercostal arteries and lumbar arteries |
| What happens to the left vitelline artery? | It degenerates |
| What is the adult fate of the right vitelline artery? | Cranial mesenteric artery |
| What happens to the umbilical artery according to the lesson? | It degenerates |
| What develops from an outgrowth of the umbilical artery? | Internal and external iliac arteries |
| Which aortic arches normally degenerate according to the lesson? | Aortic arches 1 and 2 |
| Which aortic arch gives rise to the internal carotid artery? | Aortic arch 3 |
| Which embryonic vessel gives rise to the pulmonary artery? | Proximal part of aortic arch 6 |
| Which embryonic vessel forms the ductus arteriosus? | Distal part of the aortic arch |
| Which embryonic vessel gives rise to the adult aorta? | Dorsal aorta |
| Which embryonic arteries give rise to the vertebral arteries? | Cranial intersegmental arteries cranial to the 7th |
| Which embryonic arteries give rise to intercostal and lumbar arteries? | Caudal intersegmental arteries caudal to the 7th |
| Which vitelline artery degenerates? | Left vitelline artery |
| Which vitelline artery forms the cranial mesenteric artery? | Right vitelline artery |
| What is the postnatal remnant of the ductus arteriosus? | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| What is the adult fate of the cranial cardinal vein? | Internal jugular vein |
| What embryonic vessel gives rise to the internal jugular vein? | Cranial cardinal vein |
| What is the adult fate of the anastomotic vessel between the right and left cardinal veins? | Brachiocephalic vein |
| What embryonic structure gives rise to the brachiocephalic vein? | Right and left cardinal vein anastomotic vessel |
| What forms the cranial vena cava? | Right cranial cardinal vein plus right common cardinal vein |
| What is the adult fate of the right cranial cardinal vein plus right common cardinal vein? | Cranial vena cava |
| What is the adult fate of the supracardinal vein? | Azygos vein |
| What embryonic vein gives rise to the azygos vein? | Supracardinal vein |
| What forms the caudal vena cava according to the lesson? | Right subcardinal vein plus proximal end of the right vitelline vein |
| What is the adult fate of the right subcardinal vein plus proximal end of the right vitelline vein? | Caudal vena cava |
| What are the adult fates of the left vitelline vein? | Hepatic sinusoids and portal vein |
| What embryonic vein gives rise to the portal vein according to the lesson? | Left vitelline vein |
| What is the adult fate of the proximal part of the umbilical vein? | Hepatic sinusoids |
| What is the adult fate of the left umbilical vein? | Ductus venosus |
| What embryonic vein forms the ductus venosus? | Left umbilical vein |
| What gives rise to the pulmonary vein? | Outgrowth of the left atrium |
| What is the adult fate of an outgrowth of the left atrium? | Pulmonary vein |
| What is the adult fate of lymph sacs? | Lymph vessels |
| What embryonic structures give rise to lymph vessels? | Lymph sacs |
| What are the adult fates of mesodermal invaginations? | Lymph nodes, hemal nodes, and spleen |
| What gives rise to lymph nodes according to the lesson? | Mesodermal invaginations |
| What gives rise to hemal nodes according to the lesson? | Mesodermal invaginations |
| What gives rise to the spleen according to the lesson? | Mesodermal invaginations |
| What is ectopia cordis? | A malformation in which the heart remains in the cervical region |
| What malformation occurs when the heart remains in the cervical region? | Ectopia cordis |
| What are ASD and VSD? | Septal defects caused by lack of tissue in the septum between the respective heart chambers |
| What does ASD stand for? | Atrial septal defect |
| What does VSD stand for? | Ventricular septal defect |
| What is the basic defect in ASD and VSD? | Lack of tissue in the septum between the respective heart chambers |
| What causes Tetralogy of Fallot according to the lesson? | Defective spiral septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis |
| What are the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot? | Ventricular septal defect, stenosis of the pulmonary trunk, dextroposition of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| What is the first component of Tetralogy of Fallot? | Ventricular septal defect |
| What is the second component of Tetralogy of Fallot? | Stenosis of the pulmonary trunk |
| What is the third component of Tetralogy of Fallot? | Dextroposition of the aorta |
| What is the fourth component of Tetralogy of Fallot? | Hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| What is patent ductus arteriosus? | Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close at birth |
| What is abbreviated as PDA? | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| What normally happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth? | It closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum |
| What is patent foramen ovale? | Failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth |
| What causes a patent foramen ovale? | Failure of closure of the foramen ovale at birth |
| What is the right aortic arch malformation described in the lesson? | An anomalous right aortic arch forms a strangulating vascular ring around the esophagus and trachea |
| What structures may be strangulated by an anomalous right aortic arch? | Esophagus and trachea |
| What is an ectopic subclavian artery? | An anomaly of subclavian artery formation that can result in strangulation of the esophagus and trachea |
| What structures can be strangulated by an ectopic subclavian artery? | Esophagus and trachea |
| What is a persistent vitelloumbilical band? | Persistence of the left vitelline artery and yolk forming a band around the ileum and umbilicus |
| What complication may result from a persistent vitelloumbilical band? | Intestinal strangulation |
| What structures are connected by the persistent vitelloumbilical band according to the lesson? | Ileum and umbilicus |
| What is a portosystemic shunt? | An anomaly that prevents normal venous return from the gut into the liver |
| What does a portosystemic shunt cause blood from the gut to bypass? | The liver |
| What anomalies may cause a portosystemic shunt according to the lesson? | Patent ductus venosus or central or peripheral portal-venous shunts to the caudal vena cava or azygos vein |
| What persistent fetal vessel can cause a portosystemic shunt? | Patent ductus venosus |
| To which major veins may abnormal portal blood be shunted in a portosystemic shunt? | Caudal vena cava or azygos vein |
| What is congenital hereditary lymphoedema? | Absence of lymph vascular connections to the venous system resulting in edema |
| What causes congenital hereditary lymphoedema? | Absence of lymph vascular connections to the venous system |
| What is the major result of congenital hereditary lymphoedema? | Edema |
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