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Chs 18 - 24 S.G.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 7 Major Groups of Microorganisms | Bacteria (cocci/bacilli/spirilla), Viruses (microscopic host-dependent), Fungi (yeasts/molds), Protozoa (single-celled animals), Algae, Rickettsiae (intracellular parasites), and Prions (infectious proteins). |
| Viral Hepatitis Types (A, B, C, D, E) | HAV (fecal-oral, vaccine available), HBV (bloodborne, vaccine available), HCV (bloodborne, no vaccine), HDV (co-infection with HBV), HEV (fecal-oral). |
| Herpes Simplex Virus Types | HSV-1 causes oral cold sores and herpetic whitlow on fingers; HSV-2 causes genital herpes. |
| HIV and AIDS | HIV is a bloodborne virus attacking T-cells; AIDS is the terminal stage when the immune system is severely compromised. |
| Varicella-Zoster and Epstein-Barr Viruses | Varicella-Zoster causes chickenpox and shingles; Epstein-Barr causes infectious mononucleosis and hairy leukoplakia. |
| Normal Flora vs. Opportunistic Infection | Normal flora are beneficial microbes normally on/in the body; opportunistic infections occur when normal flora or low-virulence microbes attack a weakened immune system. |
| Bacterial Diseases in Dentistry | TB (airborne droplet, resistant to disinfectants), Legionnaires (Legionella in water lines), Tetanus (anaerobic spore wound infection), Syphilis (oral chancres), MRSA (drug-resistant staph). |
| Epidemic vs. Endemic vs. Pandemic | Endemic is constant disease presence in a region; Epidemic is a sudden rapid outbreak in a population; Pandemic is a worldwide epidemic. |
| PPE Donning and Doffing Sequence | Donning: Gown -> Mask -> Eyewear -> Hand Hygiene -> Gloves. Doffing: Gloves -> Eyewear -> Gown -> Mask -> Hand Hygiene. |
| Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister | Pasteur is the Father of Microbiology (pasteurization/vaccines); Lister introduced antiseptic surgery techniques. |
| 4 Types of Infection | Acute (severe/short-term), Chronic (long-term/persistent), Latent (dormant/recurrent), Opportunistic (occurs in immunocompromised hosts). |
| 4 Modes of Infection Transmission | Direct contact (person-to-person), Indirect contact (contaminated objects/fomites), Airborne/Droplet/Spatter (aerosols), Parenteral (skin penetration/needlesticks). |
| 4 Types of Immunity | Naturally Acquired Active (from disease), Naturally Acquired Passive (mother to fetus/infant), Artificially Acquired Active (vaccines), Artificially Acquired Passive (antibody injections). |
| 6 Links in the Chain of Infection | Infectious Agent -> Reservoir -> Portal of Exit -> Mode of Transmission -> Portal of Entry -> Susceptible Host. |
| Surface Disinfectant Chemicals | Iodophors (can stain), Synthetic Phenolics (leave film), Sodium Hypochlorite (corrosive bleach), Glutaraldehyde (liquid sterilant for heat-sensitive immersion only), Alcohol (not recommended due to fast evaporation). |
| HVE vs. Low-Speed Saliva Ejector | HVE reduces aerosols by up to 90%; Saliva Ejector removes fluids (patients must NOT seal lips around tip to prevent backflow). |
| Antiseptic vs. Disinfectant | Antiseptics are used on living tissue (skin/mucosa); Disinfectants are used on non-living inanimate surfaces. |
| Sterilization Center Workflow and Spaulding Classifications | 4 Areas: Decontamination -> Packaging -> Sterilization -> Storage. Classifications: Critical (penetrates soft tissue/bone -> heat sterilize), Semicritical (touches mucosa -> heat sterilize), Noncritical (intact skin -> surface disinfectant). |
| 7 Steps of Instrument Processing | 1. Transport -> 2. Cleaning -> 3. Packaging -> 4. Sterilization -> 5. Storage -> 6. Delivery -> 7. Quality Assurance. |
| 3 Methods of Precleaning/Decontamination | Ultrasonic cleaning (cavitation, 5-15 mins), Automated washer/disinfector (high temp washing), Manual scrubbing (highest sharps injury risk, requires utility gloves). |
| 3 Main Sterilization Equipment Types | Steam Autoclave (250°F at 15 psi, 15-30 mins; can rust carbon steel), Unsaturated Chemical Vapor (270°F at 20 psi, 20 mins; no rust), Dry Heat (320-375°F for 1-2 hours; slow, no rust). |
| 3 Instrument Sterilization Monitoring Methods | Physical (gauges/displays), Chemical (Process Indicators on package exterior / Process Integrators inside package), Biological (spore testing weekly; only true proof of sterilization). |
| Handpiece Sterilization Maintenance | Flush handpiece lines for 20-30 seconds, clean and lubricate, and heat-sterilize between all patients (NEVER submerge in liquid disinfectant or ultrasonic). |
| Safety and Regulatory Agencies (EPA, CDC, OSHA, OSAP, FDA, NIH) | EPA regulates waste/disinfectants; CDC makes advisory guidelines; OSHA enforces workplace safety/BBP/HCS; OSAP focuses on dental infection control; FDA clears medical devices/PPE; NIH conducts medical research. |
| 4 Classifications of Dental Waste | General (regular trash), Contaminated (contacted fluid/non-infectious), Hazardous (toxic chemicals/lead/amalgam), Infectious/Biohazard/Regulated (blood-soaked, tissue, sharps). |
| Chemical Exposure Routes | Inhalation (breathing vapors/dust), Skin Absorption (direct contact), Ingestion (swallowing via unwashed hands or food). |
| Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and GHS Labels | SDS is a standardized 16-section document detailing hazards, PPE, and spill cleanup. GHS labels require product identifier, signal word (Warning vs Danger), hazard statements, precautionary statements, and pictograms. |
| Sharps Containers and Biohazard Bags | Sharps containers must be rigid, puncture-resistant, leak-proof, color-coded red/yellow, and labeled with biohazard symbol; Biohazard bags are red/yellow for blood-soaked materials and tissue. |
| CFUs and Legionella in DUWLs | CFU (Colony-Forming Unit) measures water bacteria; CDC standard for DUWL water is <= 500 CFU/mL; Legionella is opportunistic waterborne bacteria causing respiratory illness. |
| Suckback and Anti-Retraction Valves | Suckback occurs when negative pressure in saliva ejector draws fluid backward into lines; Anti-retraction valves prevent retraction of oral fluids into handpiece lines. |
| Distilled Water vs. Sterile Water | Distilled water is mineral-free used in self-contained water bottles; Sterile water is completely free of microbes and MUST be used for surgical procedures involving bone or soft tissue incision. |
| Planktonic Bacteria vs. Biofilm | Planktonic bacteria are free-floating in moving water; Biofilm is a sticky bacterial colony attached to the inner walls of dental water tubing. |
| Microfiltration and Atomizer Effect | Microfiltration membrane filters trap bacteria before water exits handpieces; Atomizer effect creates fine aerosol mists from high-speed handpieces and ultrasonic scalers. |
| DUWL Maintenance, Flushing, and Shocking | Flush water lines 20-30 seconds between patients; chemical shocking uses specialized treatments/tablets to strip biofilm; monitor water quality regularly using test kits to maintain <= 500 CFU/mL. |
Created by:
Cocoalover