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Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the functions of the kidneys | filter debris and excess of the blood, manage pH, electrolytes, and water; secrete renin and erythropoeitin; activate vitamin D |
| renin | controls blood pressure |
| erythropoeitin | stimulates RBC production |
| What's vitamin D for? | bone growth |
| the organs of the urinary system | kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| How is the ureter attached to the bladder? | on the lower posterior wall of the bladder |
| What's the location of the kidneys? | retroperitoneum and on either side of the lower spine |
| What are the two components of the nephron? | corpuscle and tubule |
| What makes up the renal corpuscle? | Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
| What's the function of the renal corpuscle? | filtration |
| What makes up the renal tubule? | PCT, the loop of Henle, DCT |
| What's the function of the renal tubule? | reabsorption and secretion |
| How can you divide the kidney? | cortex, medulla, hilium |
| What makes up the renal cortex? | nephrons and the arcuate vessels |
| What makes up the renal medulla? | the renal pyramids |
| What makes up a renal pyramid? | the loops of Henle, renal papillae (on the pyramids), collecting ducts |
| What is not filtered by the glomerulus? | RBCs and proteins |
| What is filtered by the glomerulus? | solutes and solvents within the plasma |
| What's the path that the filtrate follows from the renal artery to the collecting ducts? | renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting ducts, ureter |
| Where does glucose get absorbed? | in the PCT |
| Is glucose active or passively reabsorbed? | both |
| How is glucose reabsorbed? | Na/K pumps and diffusion |
| Where is sodium reabsorbed? | in the PCT and loop |
| Is sodium actively or passively reabsorbed? | both |
| How is sodium reabsorbed? | Na/K pumps and diffusion |
| Where is water reabsorbed? | PCT and descending loop of Henle |
| Is water actively or passively reabsorbed? | passively |
| Where is chloride reabsorbed? | PCT and ascending loop of Henle |
| Is chloride actively or passively reabsorbed? | both |
| How is chloride reabsorbed? | Na/K pumps and diffusion |
| Why would hydrogen ions be secreted? | to manage blood pH |
| Where would hydrogen ions be secreted? | PCT, ascending loop of Henle |
| What happens if the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold? | Glucose will be excreted into the urine, which will draw water to the urine to decrease the osmotic concentration, which will increase urine output. |
| What is the descending convoluted tubule used for? | water reabsorption |
| What is the ascending convoluted tubule used for? | solutes |
| What is aquaporin? | a hole in the cell membrane to allow water through |
| What creates erythropoietin? | the kidneys |
| What creates ADH? | posterior pituitary gland |
| What does ADH do? | increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins and decreases urine output |
| What creates aldosterone? | the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland |
| What does aldosterone do? | reabsorbs sodium, which increases water reabsorption, which increases blood volume |
| What creates atrial natriuretic peptide? | the heart |
| What does atrial natriuretic peptide do? | lowers sodium and water reabsorption to lower blood pressure |
| How does high blood pressure influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | increases and increases |
| How does low blood pressure influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | decreases and decreases |
| How does vasodilation of afferent arterioles influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | increases and increases |
| What's a way to remember afferent? | arriving to a structure |
| How does vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | decreases and decreases |
| How does vasodilation of efferent arterioles influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | decreases and decreases |
| How does vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles influence hydrostatic pressure and GFR? | increases and increases |
| How does increasing the glomerular osmotic pressure effect the osmotic pressure and GFR? | increases and decreases |
| What's renal clearance? | the rate that the kidneys remove something from your blood |
| What is a podocyte? | It wraps around the glomerular capillaries to form filtration slits. |
| Which part of the nephron responds to ADH? | the collecting duct |
| What can cross the filtration membrane? | water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea |
| What is mostly secreted to the tubule? | hydrogen ions, potassium, ammonium, drugs, creatinine, uric acid |
| What does the renin-angiotensin system do? | supports blood pressure and volume |
| What will normal urine have? | a pH of 4.5-8; no glucose, protein, blood, bilirubin, leukocytes, or nitrites |
| What does glucose in urine mean? | diabetes or exceeded renal threshold |
| What does protein in urine mean? | filtration or barrier damage |
| What does blood in urine mean? | kidney stones, damage, infection, or tumor |
| What do leukocytes and nitrates in urine mean? | possible UTI |
| What do ketones in urine mean? | increased fat metabolism |
| What does bilirubin in urine mean? | liver damage |
| When it comes to electrolytes, what is water classified as? | a solvent |
| What do intracellular fluid usually have a high concentration of? | sodium and phosphate |
| What do extracellular fluid usually have a high concentration of? | sodium, chloride |
| What moves water and electrolytes between fluid compartments? | hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| What are the fluid compartments that make up extracellular fluid? | interstitial fluid and plasma |
| What stimulates thirst? | thick blood |
| What inhibits thirst? | stomach distension |
| What happens if the blood pH is low? | an increase of the rate and depth of breathing |
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