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Ch 18 L.O.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathogens | Disease-producing microorganisms that dental assistants must understand to prevent transmission. |
| Nonpathogenic | Microorganisms that do not produce disease and are often beneficial. |
| Spontaneous Generation | The ancient, disproven belief introduced by Aristotle that life could arise from nonliving matter. |
| Antony van Leeuwenhoek | The pioneer who first observed stagnant water and teeth scrapings under a microscope, calling the life forms animalcules. |
| John Tyndall | Discovered that bacteria exist in heat-stable and heat-sensitive forms, developing intermittent heating to destroy them. |
| Endospores | The highly resistant, heat-stable form of bacterial life described by Ferdinand Cohn; used to test sterilizer effectiveness. |
| Joseph Lister | Recognized the role of airborne microbes in postsurgical infections and used aerosolized carbolic acid to reduce risk. |
| Louis Pasteur | Disproved spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks, discovered pasteurization, and is the Father of Microbiology. |
| Koch's Postulates | A four-part criteria used to prove that a specific microbial agent is the cause of a specific disease. |
| Bacteria | One-celled microorganisms that vary in shape and arrangement, growing best at 98.6°F in moist, dark environments. |
| Streptococci | Spherical bacteria (cocci) that form chains; cause strep throat, pneumonia, and endocarditis. |
| Staphylococci | Spherical bacteria (cocci) that form irregular clusters; cause boils and skin infections. |
| Bacilli | Rod-shaped bacteria responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis. |
| Spirochetes | Spiral-shaped bacteria with flexible cell walls capable of movement; cause Lyme disease and syphilis. |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | Bacteria that retain dye during staining, appearing dark purple under a microscope. |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria | Bacteria that do not hold stain, appearing nearly colorless or invisible under a microscope. |
| Aerobes | Bacteria that require oxygen to grow. |
| Anaerobes | Bacteria that grow only in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by exposure to it. |
| Bacterial Capsule | A protective layer covering the cell wall that enhances virulence by resisting antibiotics and body defenses. |
| Rickettsiae | Short, nonmotile rods living in the intestinal tracts of insects; cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. |
| Candida Albicans | The common yeast responsible for oral candidiasis, producing white, cottage cheese-like membranes in the mouth. |
| Prions | Infectious protein particles lacking DNA or RNA; responsible for Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. |
| Viruses | Perfect parasites much smaller than bacteria that must live inside a host cell to replicate. |
| Viral Specificity | The preference of a virus for a particular cell type, such as HIV targeting CD4 T-cells or hepatitis targeting liver cells. |
| Viral Latency | A dormant state where a virus integrates into host DNA and can reactivate later due to stress or UV light. |
| Hepatitis A (HAV) | A form of hepatitis spread via the fecal-oral route; it is the least serious form and has a vaccine available. |
| Hepatitis B (HBV) | A highly infectious blood-borne virus presenting a high risk to dental teams; employers must offer the vaccine within 10 days of hire. |
| Hepatitis C (HCV) | Transmitted through blood transfusions or skin punctures; has a high carrier rate and no available vaccine. |
| Hepatitis D (HDV) | A defective virus that cannot replicate without HBV; the HBV vaccine effectively prevents HDV co-infection. |
| Hepatitis E (HEV) | A form of hepatitis transmitted through the fecal-oral route, most frequently via contaminated food or water. |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | A blood-borne viral disease that destroys T-cells, breaking down the host's immune system. |
| HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Type 1) | Causes recurrent cold sores or fever blisters on the lips; highly contagious and reactivated by stress or sun. |
| Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | The virus responsible for infectious mononucleosis, lymphoma, and oral hairy leukoplakia; known as the kissing disease. |
| Tuberculosis | An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; it is a leading cause of death worldwide and often co-occurs with HIV. |
| Legionnaires' Disease | |
| A dangerous, fatal disease caused by spore-forming bacilli in soil or dust, introduced through a puncture wound. | |
| Chancre | A painless, ulcerating sore on the lip or tongue that marks the highly infectious first stage of syphilis. |
| MRSA | A strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to common antibiotics, easily spread by direct skin contact. |
| Pandemic | A global disease outbreak occurring when a new virus emerges for which the human population has little to no immunity. |
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Cocoalover