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Chapter 4
Body Structures
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromatin | structural components of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins |
| chromatin cont. | condenses to form chromosomes during cell divion |
| chromosome | threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleuic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes. about 20-25k unique genes, like hair color, body structure, and metabolic activity |
| chromosome cont. | each sperm/egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. after fertilization, each cell of the embryo has 46 chromosomes. one provided by the father and the other by the mother |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | molecules that hold genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
| metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| metabolism cont. | building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents |
| organelle | cellular structure providing a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein syntehsis), Golgi appartus (removal of material from cell), and lyosomes (digestion) |
| organelle cont. | the membraines of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions |
| five levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism |
| cells | smallest structural and functional unit of life. performs all activities,; utilizing foods, reproduction, eliminating waste products |
| cell membrane | cell membrane acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents |
| cytoplasm | jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients. within the cell membrane. |
| organelles | inside the cytoplasm, specialized structures. performs specific functions of cell, such as reproduction and digestion. |
| organelles cont. | the largest cell organelle is the nucleus, which directs the cells activities and contains chromosomes |
| histology | study of tissues |
| cytology | study of the body at the cellular level |
| tissues | composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions. has four types of tissues |
| epithelial tissue (1) | covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up epidermis. |
| connective tissue (2) | supports and connects other body tissues. various types, including cartilage, adipose (fat), bone, elastic fiber, and even blood |
| muscle tissue (3) | provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement |
| nervous tissue (4) | transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin. composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers. |
| organs | body structures that perform specialized functions. composed of two or more tissue types. muscle and connective tissue form the wall of the stomach. epithelial and connective tissue cover the inner and outer surfaces of the stomach. |
| organs cont. | nervous tissue penetrates the epithelial lining of the stomach and its muscular wall to stimulate the release of chemicals for digestion. |
| systems | composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions |
| organism | highest level of organization. complete living entity capable of independent existence. made up of several body systems that work together to sustain life. |
| anatomical position | body posture used among anatomists and clincians as a position of reference to ensure uniformity and consistency in locating anatomical parts or divisions of the human body |
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