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BIO1

Cells

QuestionAnswer
Level 2 Biology (AS 2.4) – Cell Structure & Function
Cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
There are two types of cells:
Prokaryotic cells (simple)
Eukaryotic cells (complex)
Prokaryotic Cells
Found in bacteria and cyanobacteria.
No membrane-bound nucleus (DNA is free in the cytoplasm).
DNA is circular and may contain plasmids.
No membrane-bound organelles.
Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
Found in plants, animals, fungi and protists.
Have a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA is arranged into linear chromosomes.
Contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum.
Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Function
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Maintains the cell's internal environment (homeostasis).
Is selectively (semi-) permeable.
Structure
Made of a phospholipid bilayer.
Hydrophilic phosphate heads face water.
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward.
Contains transport proteins, channel proteins and receptor proteins.
Key Facts
Small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse directly through the membrane.
Large or charged molecules require transport proteins.
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption in intestinal cells.
Mitochondria
Function
Site of aerobic respiration.
Produces ATP (usable energy for the cell).
Structure
Double membrane.
Inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for respiration.
Contains its own DNA and ribosomes.
Reproduces by binary fission.
Key Fact
Cells that need lots of energy (muscle, liver, sperm cells) contain many mitochondria.
Chromosomes
Function
Carry genetic information (DNA).
Control inherited characteristics and cell activities.
Key Facts
Located inside the nucleus.
During cell division, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Cytoplasm
Function
Jelly-like fluid that supports organelles.
Site of many chemical reactions, including glycolysis.
Composition
Mostly water with dissolved sugars, ions and proteins.
Created by: user-2045796
 

 



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