Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
final 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pc | Post consumption; after a meal |
| qhs | Each night or at bedtime |
| prn | As necessary; when needed |
| sig | From the Latin, "let it be labeled" |
| The innermost layer of the heart | Endocardium |
| A muscular hollow organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs | Heart |
| The inner visceral layer of the pericardium | Epicardium |
| The sac containing the heart | Pericardium |
| Serous fluid | Prevents friction as the heart beats |
| Receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body | Right atrium |
| Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery | Right ventricle |
| Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta | Left ventricle |
| The AV valves | Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves |
| The semilunar valves | Aortic and pulmonic valves |
| Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral (bicuspid) valve |
| Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | Pulmonic valve |
| Heart sounds produced by closure of the valves | Murmurs |
| Caused by diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities | Murmurs |
| First heart sound due to closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves | S1 |
| Second heart sound due to closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves | S2 |
| Arteries supplying the heart | Right and left coronary arteries from the aorta |
| The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into | Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| The sympathetic nervous system affects | Both atria and ventricles by increasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability |
| The parasympathetic nervous system affects | Atria only by decreasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability |
| Automaticity | Ability of cardiac cells to initiate their own electrical impulses without outside stimulation |
| Excitability (irritability) | Ability of cardiac cells to respond to an external stimulus |
| Contractility | Ability of cardiac cells to shorten (contract) in response to an electrical stimulus |
| Drugs that increase the contractility of the heart | Digitalis, dopamine, epinephrine |
| Results in myocardial relaxation | Repolarization |
| Consists of anterior, middle, and posterior divisions that distribute electrical impulses from the SA node to the AV node | Internodal pathways |
| Fires at 20–40 bpm | Purkinje fibers |
| Limb leads consist of | 3 bipolar and 3 augmented leads |
| These record electrical potentials in the frontal plane | Leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF |
| On Lead III, the positive lead is | Left leg |
| Which limb is always the ground | Right leg |
| Waveform | Movement away from the isoelectric line, positive or negative |
| Interval | Waveform plus a segment |
| Complex | Several waveforms |
| Normal P wave | Does not exceed 0.11 sec in duration or 2.5 mm in height |
| The vertical axis on ECG paper measures | Amplitude (voltage) |
| J (RST) junction | Point where the QRS complex ends and the ST segment begins |
| ST segment | From the J point to the onset of the T wave |
| Normal indications for a stress test | Evaluation of chest pain with a normal ECG, arrhythmias, monitoring after recent MI |
| Target heart rate required for a valid stress test | 85% |
| Hematocrit is made up of | Hemoglobin × 3 |
| Hematocrit | Percentage by volume of packed red blood cells after centrifugation |
| Opposite of anemia | Polycythemia |
| A pharmacologic stress test is concluded when | 85% of target heart rate is achieved |
| Drugs used for a pharmacologic stress test | Adenosine, dipyridamole, dobutamine |
| Ectopic rhythms | Electrical impulses originating somewhere other than the SA node |
| Pre-excitation syndrome | Electrical impulses bypass the normal pathway using an accessory pathway |
| Conduction block | Electrical impulses encounter blocks or delays |
| Indications for termination of a stress test | Shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, blood pressure abnormalities |
| Ischemia | Decreased blood flow |
| Hallmark of an infarction | Abnormal Q waves |
| Cardiac markers | Troponin, CK, LDH, SGOT (AST) |
| Negative Holter monitor | No significant arrhythmias or ST changes |
| Holter monitor duration | 24 hours or longer |
| Purpose of a Holter monitor | Rule out arrhythmias or ischemia |
| Number of electrodes on a Holter monitor | 5 |
| Positive Holter monitor | Tachycardia, bradycardia, ST elevation or depression, pauses |
| Event monitor is used | Only when symptoms occur |
| Drugs given for acute MI | Oxygen, epinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, beta blockers, lidocaine, verapamil, digitalis, morphine, nitroglycerin |
| Powerful smooth muscle relaxant with headache as a side effect | Nitroglycerin (patch or sublingual) |
| Digitalis | Increases force of cardiac contractions and cardiac output; toxicity occurs in about 20% of patients |
| Butterfly | Winged infusion set |
| Most important task of a phlebotomist | Correct patient identification |
| Needle insertion angle with bevel up | 15–30 degrees |
| Prandial | Fasting |
| First step after dermal puncture | Wipe away the first drop of blood |
| Timed specimens | Hormone levels, medication levels, monitoring conditions such as internal bleeding |
| During an OGTT, collect with each blood sample | Urine sample |
| OGTT begins | 7:00–9:00 AM |
| Two-hour postprandial test | Evaluation of diabetes mellitus |
| OGTT is used for | Diagnosing diabetes mellitus and evaluating hypoglycemia |
| Three-hour OGTT | Tests for hyperglycemia |
| Five-hour OGTT | Tests for hypoglycemia and carbohydrate metabolism disorders |
| PKU | Screens newborns for phenylketonuria |
| Cold agglutinins | Keep at 37°C |
| ABG, ammonia, lactic acid, pyruvate, parathyroid specimens | Transport in crushed ice and water |
| Bili | Bile |
| Blood tests that cannot be done by dermal puncture | ESR and blood cultures |
| Patient Bill of Rights for pain management | Patients have the right to caring staff who believe their reports of pain |
| Pulse method used on children and patients with irregular heartbeat | Apical pulse |
| Orthopnea | Difficulty breathing when lying flat |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Regular pattern of irregular breathing with alternating apnea |
| Medical assistant's role during the physical examination | Prepare the room, prepare the patient, assist the provider |
| Laboratory hazards | Physical, chemical, and biological |
| Technique never permitted in the laboratory | Never pipette by mouth |
| Expressionless face and staring eyes are signs of | Shock |
| Agents | Infectious microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites |
| Common vehicle transmission | Water, food, drinking from the same glass, kissing |
| Fires at 40–60 bpm | AV junction (AV node) and Bundle of His |
| Unipolar limb leads | aVR, aVL, aVF |
| Test used to evaluate primary hemostasis | Bleeding time test |
| Platelet lifespan | 9–12 days |
| When the Vacutainer method cannot be used | Use a 10–12 mL syringe |
| Tube that must be filled completely | Light blue (sodium citrate) tube to maintain a 9:1 blood-to-anticoagulant ratio |
| Consequence of insufficient pressure applied after withdrawal of needle | Thrombus |
| Additives in green top tube | Heparin (lithium, sodium, or ammonium) |
| Why is the green top tube never used for hematology? | Heparin interferes with Wright-stained blood tests |
| Common tests for the light blue sodium citrate tube | Coagulation studies, PT, APTT, PTT, TT, BT, FDP |
| Common tests for the lavender EDTA tube | CBC, differential (diff), ESR, sickle cell screening |
| Common tests for the green top tube | Chemistry tests on plasma such as ammonia, carboxyhemoglobin, and STAT electrolytes |
| How long does blood take to clot in a red top tube? | 30–60 minutes |
| What is quality control? | Providing reliable patient data by ensuring test accuracy and detecting and eliminating errors |
| Common tests for the red top tube | Serum chemistry, serology, blood bank (glass tubes only) |
| Order of draw for capillary specimens | Lavender first, then tubes with additives, then tubes without additives |
| Antiseptic not used on a dermal puncture site | Betadine (interferes with bilirubin, uric acid, phosphorus, and potassium tests) |
| Procedure requiring warming the site for 3–4 minutes | Dermal puncture (heel stick) |
| Preferred sites for dermal puncture | Distal segment of the third or fourth finger of the nondominant hand |
| Heel sticks are performed on | Infants less than 1 year old |
| Heel stick site on infants | Medial and lateral plantar surface of the heel |
| Dermal puncture location on finger | Fleshy portion slightly off-center, perpendicular to fingerprint lines |
| Complication of puncturing the heel deeper than 2 mm | Osteomyelitis |
| Blood bank identification requirements | Patient's full name, DOB, hospital ID or SSN (outpatient), date and time of collection, phlebotomist's initials |
| Lab section that analyzes serum for antibodies | Serology (Immunology) |
| Best time to collect urine for hormone testing | First morning void |
| Urine specimen providing the clearest results | Clean-catch midstream specimen |
| Urine specimen requiring aseptic technique | Clean-catch specimen |
| Urinalysis consists of | Physical, chemical, and microscopic examination |
| Physical examination of urine consists of | Volume, color, appearance, odor, specific gravity |
| Minimum urine volume for analysis | 25 mL |
| Normal random urine specific gravity | 1.005–1.030 |
| Normal urine specific gravity with normal diet/fluid intake | 1.015–1.025 |
| Urine required for microscopic examination | 10–15 mL |
| Urine specific gravity | Ratio of urine weight to distilled water at the same temperature |
| Glycosuria | Presence of glucose in the urine |
| Symptoms of diabetes mellitus | Glycosuria, polyuria, thirst |
| Neutral urine pH | 7.0 |
| Copper reduction test is used for | Screening urine for glucose |
| Leukocytes in urine indicate | Bacteriuria or urinary tract infection (UTI) |
| Urine screening for hCG | uPregnancy test |
| HIPAA | Protects patient confidentiality |
| Four elements of negligence | Duty, breach of duty (dereliction), direct cause, damages |
| Tort | Wrongful act causing injury to another person |
| Examples of tort | Battery, invasion of privacy, defamation of character |
| Written defamation of character | Libel |
| Defamation of character | Injury to another person's reputation by spoken (slander) or written (libel) statements |
| Unprivileged touching | Battery |
| Release of medical records without permission | Invasion of privacy |
| Good Samaritan Law | Protects healthcare workers rendering emergency aid within their scope from negligence lawsuits |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates and maintains body temperature |
| Functions necessary for life | Heart function, blood pressure, respiration, temperature |
| Normal rectal temperature (°C) | 37.0–38.1°C |
| Normal oral temperature (°F) | 97.6–99.6°F |
| Normal axillary temperature (°C) | 35.9–37.0°C |
| Normal tympanic temperature | 98.6°F (37°C) |
| Intermittent fever | Returns to baseline between fever spikes |
| Remittent fever | Fluctuates but remains above normal |
| Continuous fever | Remains consistently above normal with little fluctuation |
| Rectal temperature should not be taken on | Patients with heart disease |
| Axillary temperature duration | 5–10 minutes or according to office policy |
| How is the pulse taken? | Radial pulse for 30 seconds ×2; if irregular, tachycardic, or bradycardic, count for 1 minute |
| Blood pressure | Measurement of the force blood exerts against peripheral artery walls |
| BP cuff too small causes | False high blood pressure (hypertension) |
| First two consecutive Korotkoff sounds indicate | Systolic pressure |
| Patient lying on back with knees flexed | Dorsal recumbent position |
| Position used to promote drainage or ease breathing | Fowler's position |
| Position used for pelvic examination | Dorsal lithotomy position |
| Prone position is used for | Examination of the back and spine |
| Prone position | Patient lies on stomach with head turned to one side |
| Sim's position | Patient lies on left side with right knee flexed toward abdomen |
| Patients who should avoid Sim's position | Patients with leg injuries or arthritis |
| Position commonly used for rectal temperature | Sim's position |
| Position commonly used for rectal or vaginal examination | Knee-chest position |
| Position used for pelvic/abdominal surgery and shock treatment | Trendelenburg position |
| Never leave a patient alone in this position | Knee-chest position |
| If skin or eyes contact chemicals, flush with water for | 5 minutes |
| MSDS | Material Safety Data Sheet |
| Symptoms of shock | Pale, cold, clammy skin; blank stare; rapid weak pulse; fast shallow breathing |
| First aid for shock | Open airway, call for help, lower head, control bleeding, keep patient warm |
| Modes of transmission | Contact (direct/indirect), droplet, airborne, common vehicle, vector |
| Least expensive surface disinfectant | 1:10 bleach solution |
| Surgical asepsis | Destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogens and nonpathogens |
| Autoclave | Uses 250–254°F, 15 psi, for 20–40 minutes |
| Used for instruments that corrode easily | Dry heat sterilization |
| Most important method to prevent infection | Handwashing |
| PPE includes | Mask, goggles, face shield, respirator |
| Standard precautions | Treat all patients as potentially infectious for bloodborne pathogens |
| Purpose of standard precautions | Prevent direct contact with blood and body fluids |
| Standard precautions replaced | Universal precautions and body substance isolation |
| Standard precautions include | Wear gloves/PPE as needed, do not recap needles, dispose of sharps properly |
| Second tier of precautions | Transmission-based precautions |
| Contact precautions | Reduce transmission through direct and indirect contact |
| Airborne precautions require | Special air handling and ventilation |
| Emerging healthcare problem | Latex sensitivity |
| Healthcare workers with latex allergy should wear | Medical alert bracelet |
| CC | Chief complaint |
| Segment | Line between two waveforms |
| P wave | Atrial depolarization |
| How many 1 mm boxes are in a 6-second rhythm strip? | 30 |
| The SA node represents which waveform on the ECG? | P wave |
| What information does the RR interval provide? | Ventricular rate (ventricular pulse) |
| Primary stage of hemostasis | Vascular phase and platelet phase together |
| Electrophoresis | Analysis of blood, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or hemoglobin based on electrical charge |
| Positive occult blood test color | Blue |
| Stages of hemostasis | Vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase, fibrinolysis |
| Blood vessels | Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava |
| Outer connective tissue layer of a blood vessel | Tunica adventitia |
| Inner endothelial layer of a blood vessel | Tunica intima |
| Middle smooth muscle layer of a blood vessel | Tunica media |
| Standards of right and wrong in medicine | Code of ethics |
| What is found in capillaries? | A mixture of arterial and venous blood |
| Average adult blood volume | 5–6 liters |
| Percentage of water in plasma | 92% |
| Percentage of plasma in blood | 55% |
| Percentage of formed elements in blood | 45% |
| 99% of formed elements | Red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
| Hemoglobin is found in | Red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Origin of all blood cells | Bone marrow |
| Normal RBC count | 4.2–6.2 million/µL |
| Second most numerous white blood cell | Lymphocyte (20–40%) |
| White blood cell increased in intracellular infections and tuberculosis | Monocyte |
| White blood cell increased in bacterial infections | Neutrophil |
| White blood cell important in viral infections and immunity | Lymphocyte |
| Normal leukocyte count | 5,000–10,000/µL |
| Leukopenia | Decrease in WBC count, seen with viral infections and leukemia |
| Monocytes comprise | 3–8% of WBCs |
| Largest leukocyte | Monocyte |
| White blood cell that carries histamine | Basophil |
| Blood vessel constriction after injury | Vascular phase of hemostasis |
| Preferred venipuncture site | Antecubital fossa |
| Test evaluating the intrinsic pathway and monitoring heparin therapy | APTT (PTT) |
| Test evaluating the extrinsic pathway and monitoring warfarin therapy | PT |
| Fibrinolysis | Breakdown and removal of a blood clot |
| Coagulation phase | Converts the temporary platelet plug into a stable fibrin clot |
| Second-choice vein for venipuncture | Cephalic vein |
| Common antiseptics used in phlebotomy | 70% isopropyl alcohol, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate |
| Common venipuncture needle length | 1 inch (up to 1.5 inches) |
| Needle gauge that can cause hemolysis | Smaller than 23 gauge |
| Average venipuncture needle gauge | 21–22 gauge |
| Three skills of a phlebotomist | Social, clerical, technical |
| Analytical errors during blood collection | Prolonged tourniquet time, hemolysis, wrong order of draw, failure to invert tubes, poor technique, underfilled tubes |
| Analytical errors before blood collection | Patient misidentification, improper timing, wrong tube, failure to fast, exercise, patient posture, poor coordination with treatments, improper site preparation, medication interference |
| Analytical errors after blood collection | Failure to separate serum from cells, improper serum separator use, delayed processing, light exposure, improper storage, failure of clot formation |
| Fistula | Permanent surgical connection between an artery and vein; never use for venipuncture |
| Edema | Accumulation of fluid in tissues |
| Thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein with clot formation |
| Hemoconcentration | Increase in formed elements relative to plasma caused by leaving the tourniquet on for more than 2 minutes |
Created by:
Valentine.Taylor