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English vocab list 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| slipper slope | predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step. |
| slogan | an attention-getting expression used largely in politics or advertising to promote support of a cause or product. |
| statistics | information expressed in numerical form |
| stipulate definition | a definition that makes clear that it will explore a particular area of meaing of a term or issue. |
| straw man | disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguers opponent. |
| style | choices in words and sentence structure that make a writers language distinct. |
| substantive warrant | a warrant based on beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence. |
| support | any material that serves to provide an issue or claim; in addition to evidence, it includes appeals to the needs and values of the audience. |
| syllogism | a formula of deductive argument consisting of three propositions; a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. |
| two wrongs make a right | diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point. |
| values | conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly, good or bad. |
| warrant | a general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim. |
| faulty use of authority | failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources. |
| generalization | A statement of general principle derived inferentially from a series of examples. |
| hasty generalization | drawing conclusions from insufficient evidence. |
| induction | reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples. |
| inference | an interpertation of the facts. |
| motivational appeal | an attempt to reach an audience by recognizing their needs and values and how these contribute to their decision making. |
| motivational warrant | a type of warrant based on the needs and values of an audience. |
| need | whatever is required for the survival and welfare of a human being. |
| non sequitur | "it does not follow"; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim. |
| picturesque language | words that produce images in the minds of the audience. |
| policy | a course of action recommended or taken to solve a problem or quide decisions. |
| post hoc | "doubtful cause"; mistakingly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation. |
| qualifier | a restriction placed on the claim to state that it may not always be true as stated. |
| refutation | an attack on an opposing view in order to weaken it. |
| reservation | a restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim. |
| sign warrant | a warrant that offers an observable datum as an indicator of a condition. |
| slanting | selection facts or words with connotations that favor the arguer's bias and discredit alternatives. |
| comparison warrant | a warrant based on shared characteristics and circumstances of two or more things or events. |
| concrete language | language that describes specific, generally observable, persons, places, or things. |
| connotation | the overtones that adhere to a word through long useage |
| credibility | the audience's belief in the arguer's trustworthiness. |
| deduction | reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true. |
| definition | an explanation of the meaning of a term, concept, or experience. |
| definition by negation | defining a thing by saying what it is not. |
| ethos | the qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contributes to an audience's acceptance of the claim. |
| euphemism | a pleasant or flattering expression used in place of one that is less agreeable but possibly more accurate. |
| evidence | facts or opinions that support an issue or claim. |
| extended definition | a definition that uses several different methods of development. |
| fact | something that is believed to have objective reality, a piece of information regarded as verifiable. |
| factual evidence | support consisting of data that is considered objectively verifiable by the audience. |
| fallacy | an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference. |
| false analogy | assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well. |
| false delimma | simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy. |
| faulty emotional appeal | basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear. |
| abstract language | language expressing a quality apart from a specific object or event. |
| ad hominem | "against the man"; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue. |
| ad populum | "to the people"; playing on the prejudices of the audience. |
| analogy | a comparison in which a thing is inferred to be similar to another thing in a certain way because it is similar to the thing in other ways. |
| appeal to tradition | a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way. |
| argument | a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held. |
| audience | those who will hear an argument. |
| authoritative warrant | a warrant based on the credibility or trustworthiness of the source. |
| authority | a respectable, reliable source of evidence. |
| backing | the assurance upon which a warrant or assumption is based. |
| begging the question | making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided. |
| cause and effect | reasoning that assumes one event or condition can bring about another. |
| claim | the conclusion of an arguement; what the arguer is trying to prove. |
| claim of fact | a claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable. |
| claim of pollicy | a claim of assertiong that specific courses of action shoul dbe instituted as solitions to problems. |
| claim of value | a claim that adderts somethings are more or less desirable than others. |
| cliche | a worn-out expression or idea, no longer capable of producing a visual image provoking thought about a subject. |
Created by:
skyxlatrelle
Popular English Vocabulary sets