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Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular, Blood Cardiovascular, Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does crushing chest pain usually indicate? | Myocardial infarction (MI) (heart attack) |
| Pink frothy sputum is a sign of what condition? | Pulmonary edema |
| Sharp pleuritic chest pain is commonly associated with what? | Pericarditis |
| An irregular, rapid heartbeat is a classic sign of what? | Atrial fibrillation |
| Sudden severe back pain may indicate what emergency? | Aortic aneurysm |
| Unilateral leg swelling is commonly caused by what? | Thrombophlebitis |
| What are the three types of angina | Stable Unstable Variant (Prinzmetal) |
| What is stable angina? | Predictable chest pain that occurs with exertion |
| What is unstable angina | Unpredictable chest pain that occurs at rest and is considered a medical emergency. |
| What causes variant angina? | Coronary artery spasm. |
| Which type of angina is the most dangerous? | Unstable angina |
| Which side of heart failure causes pulmonary congestion? | Left-sided heart failure. |
| Which side of heart failure causes peripheral edema | Right-sided heart failure |
| What are five major risk factors for hypertension | Stress Obesity Smoking High salt intake Sedentary lifestyle |
| What blood pressure range is Stage 1 hypertension | 130–139 systolic OR 80–89 diastolic |
| What blood pressure defines Stage 2 hypertension | 140/90 mmHg or higher |
| Name five risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). | Smoking High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes mellitus Obesity/sedentary lifestyle |
| What is the classic symptom of a myocardial infarction | Crushing chest pain that may radiate to the left arm, neck, or jaw. |
| What medication is commonly taken under the tongue for angina | Nitroglycerin |
| What procedure may be used to restore a normal rhythm during atrial fibrillation | Cardioversion |
| What are the three main types of aneurysms | Abdominal Thoracic Peripheral |
| Why are aneurysms dangerous | They can rupture and cause shock. |
| What is atherosclerosis? | Plaque buildup inside arteries. |
| What is arteriosclerosis | Thickening and hardening of arterial walls |
| What is claudication | Cramping pain in the legs caused by poor circulation |
| What is endocarditis | Inflammation of the heart valves and inner lining of the heart |
| What characterizes endocarditis | Abnormal vegetations on the heart valves. |
| What is myocarditis | Inflammation of the heart muscle |
| What is pericarditis | Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart |
| What is cardiac arrest | Sudden cessation of the heart's pumping action |
| What is thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein with clot (thrombus) formation |
| What are varicose veins | Dilated, twisted veins |
| What happens during mitral insufficiency | Blood flows backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium |
| What causes iron-deficiency anemia | Low iron levels |
| What do the red blood cells look like | Small, pale RBCs |
| What symptoms commonly occur | Pallor, Fatigue, Brittle nails |
| What causes folic acid deficiency anemia | Lack of folic acid |
| What type of RBCs are produced | Abnormally large red blood cells |
| What causes pernicious anemia | Vitamin B12 deficiency |
| What symptoms occur | Neurological symptoms, Glossitis (inflamed tongue) |
| What causes aplastic anemia | Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells |
| What is the hallmark symptom of Sickle Cell Anemia | Pain crises |
| What does AML stand for? | Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
| Who commonly develops AML | Older adults |
| Describe AML | Rapid proliferation of abnormal myeloid white blood cells |
| What does ALL stand for | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Who commonly develops ALL | Children |
| Describe ALL | Rapid proliferation of abnormal lymphoblasts |
| What does CML stand for | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia |
| Describe CML | Chronic proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells that invade blood, bone marrow, and tissues. |
| What does CLL stand for? | Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |
| Describe CLL | Accumulation of immature, ineffective B lymphocytes |
| What symptoms commonly suggest leukemia | Frequent infections, Night sweats |
| What cell is unique to Hodgkin lymphoma | Reed-Sternberg cells. |
| What is another name for non-Hodgkin disease | Lymphosarcoma |
| How many subtypes does non-Hodgkin lymphoma have | Multiple subtypes |
| What symptom commonly suggests lymphoma | Painless enlarged lymph nodes |
| What causes lymphedema | Surgery, trauma, burns, radiation, or allergic reactions. |
| What are common symptoms | Limb swelling, Thickened skin |
| What causes hemophilia | Factor VIII or Factor IX deficiency. |
| What is the primary purpose of lymph nodes | To filter microorganisms and abnormal cells from lymph |
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