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A&P 2 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of epithelium is located in the nasal cavity? | Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium) |
| What kind of epithelium is located in the pharynx? | Stratified squamous |
| What kind of epithelium is located in the larynx? | Respiratory epithelium |
| What kind of epithelium is located in the bronchi? | Respiratory epithelium |
| What kind of epithelium is located in the bronchioles? | Ciliated cuboidal |
| What kind of epithelium is located in the alveoli? | Simple squamous |
| What is another name for Type 1 alveolar cells? | Squamous alveolar cells |
| What is another name for Type 2 alveolar cells? | Great alveolar cells |
| What is another name for Dust cells? | Alveolar Macrophage |
| What is the pleura action in quiet inspiration? | Parietal pleura is pulled up by intercostals. Visceral pleura is pulled up by parietal pleura |
| What is the pleura action in quiet expiration? | It is recoiled to its original position |
| How many mL of air is taken in during quiet inspiration? | 500mL |
| What is tidal volume? | the 500mL of air taken in during inspiration or taken out during expiration |
| What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration / expiration? | Diaphragm and intercostals |
| What is the function of the ventral respiratory group? | Establishes baseline breathing rate |
| What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group? | Adjusts breathing rate and depth based on inputs |
| What is the function of the pontine respiratory group? | Adjusts breathing rate based on inputs |
| What is the cause of acidosis in the blood? | hypercapnia (high blood CO2) |
| What is the cause of alkalosis in the blood? | hypocapnia (low blood CO2) |
| Definition of Partial Pressure? | Contribution of single gas to the total pressure of mixture gas |
| What is Dalton's law | Total pressure of gas mixture = sum of partial pressures of each gas in mixture |
| What is the reaction used when CO2 is converted into plasma? | CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3 - + H+ <-- <-- |
| Where does alveolar gas exchange occur? | Pulmonary capillaries |
| What gas gets loaded in systemic gas exchange? | CO2 |
| What gas gets loaded in alveolar gas exchange? | O2 |
| How does Bicarbonate get transported out of the cell in systemic gas exchange? | Through the chloride shift |
| When hemoglobin binds to hydrogen in systemic gas exchange, what happens? | It looses it's affinity to O2 |
| What enzyme catalyzes reactions in gas exchange? | CAH |
| What is the partial pressure of O2 in our systemic tissues, when they are at rest | 40 mmHg |
| What value is known as the utilization coefficient in the hemoglobin saturation curve? | 22% |
| What is Boyle's law? | Pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional |
| What is the Bohr effect? | During systemic gas exchange, the lower pH of blood, the more O2 is unloaded |
| What is the Haldane effect? | During systemic gas exchange, The more O2 that is unloaded, the more CO2 can be loaded |
| What are the 5 stages of digestion? | Ingestion --> Digestion --> Absorption --> Compaction --> Defecation |
| Where does compaction take place? | Large intestine |
| Where does absorption take place? | Small intestine |
| What is the bolus? | Chewed food mixed with saliva |
| What is Chyme? | Partially digested food mixed with stomach acid |
| Once food hits the large intestine what is it called? | Residue |
| What are the 5 layers of the alimentary canal wall? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa, and Adventitia |
| What is the epithelium in the oral cavity? | stratified squamous |
| What is the epithelium in the pharynx? | stratified squamous |
| What is the epithelium in the esophagus? | stratified squamous |
| What is the epithelium in the stomach? | simple columnar |
| What is the epithelium in the small intestine? | simple columnar |
| What is the epithelium in the large intestine? | simple columnar |
| What is the epithelium in the anal canal? | stratified squamous |
| What is the cause of the Myenteric reflex? | Stretch or chemical stimulation of myenteric nerve plexus |
| What is the effect of the myenteric reflex? | It stimulates muscularis externa to contract aka peristalsis |
| What is the cause of the vagovagal reflex? | Vagus nerve stimulated by food in GI tract --> Vagus nerve sends afferent signals to the brain |
| What is the effect of the vagovagal reflex? | Vagus nerve sends parasympathetic signals to all digestive organs |
| What is the cause of the gastrocolic reflex? | food filling the stomach |
| What is the cause of the duodenocolic reflex? | chyme filling duodenum |
| What is the enzyme located in the oral cavity? | Salivary amylase |
| What are the enzymes located in the stomach? | Lingual lipase, Gastric lipase, Pepsin |
| What are micelles? | lipid droplets that were broken up by bile |
| What is the main site for nutrient absorption? | jenjunum |
| The ___ is located superior to the vocal cords, but does not contribute to sound production. | Vestibular fold |
| During systemic gas exchange, when the systemic tissues are at rest, what percentage of O2 is released from hemoglobin? | 22% |
| What structure are projections of ONLY the 3 sub layer of the mucosa in the small intestine? | Villi |
| Chemical digestion is completed when nutrients pass through the plasma membrane of ____ and encounter the brush border enzymes? | Microvilli |
| A gland within the large intestine that produces mucus is called? | Intestinal crypt |
| The functional tissue in the lung is known as the _____? | parenchyma |
| The partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air is approximately ___mmHg | 159 |
| Which stomach gland cell type secretes intrinsic factor? | Parietal cells |
| Fat is exported from enterocytes as ___ and eventually into lymphatic capillaries | Chylomicrons |
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