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biological
BROOO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | enables muscle action, learning, and memory. (Alzheimer’s disease) |
| Dopamine | influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (excess→ schizophrenia, ADHD; starved→ Parkinson’s disease). |
| Serotonin | affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal (undersupply→ depression; Prozac raise its level). |
| Norepinephrine | helps control alertness and arousal (undersupply can depress mood; abnormal→ PTSD and bipolar). |
| GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter (undersupply→ seizures, tremors, insomnia) |
| Glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory (oversupply→ migraines, seizure). |
| Endorphins | natural; controls pain. |
| Endocrine system | a system responsible for the release of hormones into the bloodstream. |
| Pineal gland | release melatonin, is important in the maintenance of sleep-wake cycles. |
| Pituitary gland | the master gland; regulated by the hypothalamus (forms 2 groups |
| Thyroid gland | located just below larynx; control the rate of metabolism (lower level of thyroid → mimic depression). |
| Adrenal gland | located just above kidneys in the lower back; release cortisol (general wake-up message). |
| Islets of Langerhans | located in the pancreas; produce hormone to digestion, such as insulin. |
| Neuron | a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to send and receive neural messages. |
| Cell body | the large, central mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus (gray matter). |
| Axon | the branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons (white matter). |
| Dendrite | a branch from the neural cell body that usually receives input from other neurons. |
| Glia | nervous system cells that perform a variety of support functions, including formation of the blood-brain barrier and myelin (damage in CNS → permanent; PNS → can heal). |
| Myelin | the insulating material covering some axons (speed up the transmission of neural signals). |
| Action potential | the electrical signal arising in a neuron’s axon. |
| Resting potential | the measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information. |
| Synapse | a point of communication between two neurons. |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse. |
| Receptor | a special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons. |
| Reuptake | a process in which molecules of neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal from which they were released. |
| Depolarization | the difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and the intracellular recordings is decreasing. |
| Hyperpolarization | the difference is increasing. |
| Node of Ranvier | located between two adjacent segments of myelin, is rich in sodium channels, which makes the formation of action potentials at the node possible. |
| Prozac | an antidepressant drug fluoxetine interferes with or inhibit reuptake process. |
| Summation | the neuron is adding up all incoming messages and making a decision based on that information to whether generate ana action potential or not. |
| Amygdala | a subcortical structure located in the temporal lobe believed to participate in emotional processing (aggression and fear). |
| Nucleus accumbens | a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction (more active in brain→ social inclusion). |
| Corpus callosum | a wide band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
| Cerebral cortex | the thin layer of neurons covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres. |
| Frontal lobe | the most forward of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; location of the primary motor cortex and areas responsible for some of the most complex cognitive processes. (Broca area; abnormalities of frontal lobe→ ADHD, schizophrenia) |
| Prefrontal lobe | the most forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. |
| Orbitofrontal cortex | a part of the prefrontal cortex right behind the eyes that participates in impulse control. |
| Alien hand syndrome | this condition has no effect on sensory feedback from the limb, such as touch and position. |
| Occipital lobe | the lobe of the cerebral cortex located at the back of the brain; location of the primary visual cortex (basic information of image |
| Temporal lobe | the lobe of the cerebral cortex that curves around the side of each hemisphere; location of the primary auditory cortex (higher visual processing |
| Parietal lobe | the lobe of the cerebral cortex that lies at the top of the brain between the frontal and the occipital lobes; location of the primary somatosensory cortex. (odd symptom of neglect syndrome; higher visual processing |
| Mirror neurons | a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action. (Monkey experiment) |
| Left hemisphere’s lateralization | language, mathematical computation, logical reasoning and positive emotion. |
| Right hemisphere’s lateralization | music functions, spatial information, intuition, the visual arts, and negative emotion. |
| Somatic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and transmits commands to the muscles. |
| Autonomic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of glands, organs, and smooth muscles. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. (Fight or flight) |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system associated with rest, repair, digest, and energy storage. (Calm) |
| Enteric nervous system | a division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerve cells embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system. (“second brain”; digestion; disturbance→ autism spectrum disorder) |
| Dualism | people mind is somehow different and separate from our physical being. 12. Monism |
| Histology | microscopic examination of the nervous system (how does the structure of nervous system cells correlate with behavior?) 2. Skin conductance response |
| isappliedtothebrain?) Lesions | naturally occurring or deliberate damage to the brain (what behavioral changes are correlated with brain damage?) |
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user-1899114