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APUSH Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were Native American societies like before European contact? | They were very diverse. |
| What were the three main types of Native American societies before European contact? | Hunter-gatherer bands, massive cities, and semi-permanent settlements. |
| What was the main factor that determined population size in Native American societies? | The cultivation of maize. |
| Where was maize first cultivated? | Mexico. |
| When was maize first cultivated? | Around 5000 BCE. |
| How did maize cultivation change Native American societies? | It led to more complex societies and sedentary agriculture. |
| How did maize cultivation affect economic development? | It encouraged trade networks because many societies wanted corn. |
| How did maize cultivation affect settlements? | It led to permanent settlements. |
| How did maize cultivation affect farming methods? | It led to the development of advanced irrigation techniques. |
| How did maize cultivation affect society? | It led to greater social diversification. |
| What was the climate like in the Great Basin and Plains? | Hot and dry. |
| Were Great Basin and Plains societies nomadic or sedentary? | They were nomadic. |
| Why did Great Basin and Plains societies move frequently? | They moved with the seasons. |
| How large were most Great Basin and Plains groups? | About 20–100 people. |
| Which Native American group lived in the Great Basin and Plains region? | The Ute. |
| What kind of shelters did Great Basin and Plains peoples use? | Mobile shelters. |
| What was the role of men in Great Basin and Plains societies? | They hunted. |
| What was the role of women in Great Basin and Plains societies? | They gathered food. |
| What characterized Native American societies along the Northeast, Mississippi, and Atlantic Coast? | They had larger populations and more permanent settlements. |
| What civilization was located in the Mississippi River region? | The Hopewell. |
| What type of soil did the Mississippi River region have? | Rich soil. |
| What was the population of the Mississippi River societies? | About 4,000–6,000 people. |
| What was a major food source for Atlantic Coast societies? | The ocean. |
| How did Mississippi River societies trade? | They traded using rivers. |
| What did abundant food supplies help create in the Mississippi and Atlantic Coast regions? | Complex civilizations. |
| What was a feature of social organization in the Mississippi and Atlantic Coast regions? | Social hierarchy. |
| What were the Hopewell known for building? | Mounds. |
| What was the largest mound-building city? | Cahokia. |
| Which Native American confederacy was located in the Northeast? | The Iroquois Confederacy. |
| Were the Iroquois fully sedentary? | No, they were semi-sedentary. |
| What type of homes did the Iroquois build? | Longhouses made from timber. |
| What was the Iroquois Confederacy? | An alliance of several Native American nations. |
| Which Native American group lived along the Atlantic Coast in the Southeast? | The Cherokee. |
| What were Cherokee men responsible for? | Hunting. |
| What were Cherokee women responsible for? | Growing crops. |
| What does "matrilineal" mean in Cherokee society? | Family lineage and inheritance were traced through the mother's side. |
| Where was the Iroquois Tribe located? | Northeast region |
| Where was the Cherokee tribe located? | Atlantic Coast region |
| Where were the Chinook and Chumash tribes were located? | Pacific Coast region |
| What were the key factors that helped Europe stabilize? | A warmer climate, improved agricultural productivity, more food leading to population growth, increased desire for Asian luxury goods, the Renaissance, and growing political unification. |
| How did climate affect Europe’s stabilization? | The warming climate improved growing conditions, which supported better harvests and population growth. |
| How did improved agricultural productivity contribute to European change? | Better farming methods and yields meant more food, which allowed populations to grow and supported economic and social development. |
| What was the connection between more food and population growth in Europe? | More reliable food supplies meant fewer famines and higher survival rates, which led to more babies and a growing population. |
| How did the desire for Asian luxury goods influence European actions? | European elites wanted spices, silks, and other luxury goods from Asia, pushing states to find new trade routes and engage in exploration. |
| What cultural movement helped reshape Europe during this period? | The Renaissance, which revived classical learning, encouraged innovation, and supported new ways of thinking about art, science, and exploration. |
| How did political unification affect European states? | As kingdoms unified under stronger central governments, they gained the power and resources needed to fund exploration and expansion. |
| What were the three main motives for European exploration often summarized as “3 Gs”? | Gold, God, and Glory. |
| What did “Gold” represent as a motive for exploration? | It represented economic motives: seeking wealth, trade opportunities, and access to valuable goods and resources. |
| How did demand for luxury goods contribute to exploration? | High demand for luxury goods encouraged Europeans to search for direct trade routes to Asia and other regions to gain profits and control trade. |
| How did improved banking systems support exploration and trade? | Better banking systems made it easier to fund voyages, manage credit, and facilitate long-distance trade. |
| Which country was an early leader in exploration, and who is associated with that role? | Portugal, associated with Prince Henry the Navigator, who supported exploration and established trading posts along Africa’s coast. |
| What did Portuguese trading posts around Africa help create? | They helped establish trading empires based on controlling coastal routes and exchanging goods. |
| What did “God” represent as a motive for exploration? | Religious motives, especially spreading Christianity and reinforcing the influence of Christian institutions. |
| What was the dominant belief system in Europe during this period? | Christianity, particularly Roman Catholic Christianity, shaped culture and politics. |
| What was simony in the context of the Catholic Church? | Simony was the buying and selling of important church positions. |
| What were indulgences in the Catholic Church? | Indulgences were payments or actions people made in exchange for reducing punishment for sins, which sparked controversy and criticism. |
| How did the division between Catholic and Protestant Christianity affect Europe? | It led to political feuds, power struggles, and conflicts between states and within societies. |
| Which royal marriage helped combine major Spanish kingdoms? | The marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. |
| What was the Inquisition in Spain used for? | It was used to enforce religious conformity, eliminate religious dissent, and expel or punish groups such as many Jews. |
| What did “Glory” represent as a motive for exploration? | Political motives, including competition for power, prestige, and territorial expansion. |
| How did competition for colonial possessions affect European politics? | States sought colonies to shift the balance of power in their favor, leading to rivalry and conflict. |
| What is a nation-state in this context? | A political entity that governs a single, unified people and promotes strong national identity and competition with other states. |
| How did the rise of the nation-state change European competition? | It intensified competition, as unified states sought to become the most powerful through colonies, trade, and military strength. |
| What role did Spain and Portugal play in early exploration rivalry? | They were leading rivals whose competition led to agreements about dividing newly discovered lands. |
| What was the Line of Demarcation, and who drew it? | It was a boundary dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal, drawn by the pope to manage their competing claims. |
| What maritime technologies helped increase sea-based trade? | Improvements such as the lateen sail, highly navigable ships like caravels, the magnetic compass, and the astrolabe made long-distance ocean travel safer and more accurate. |
| How did joint-stock companies encourage exploration and trade? | Joint-stock companies were limited-liability businesses chartered by states and funded by many investors, which spread risk and provided capital for costly voyages. |
| Why did states rely on joint-stock companies? | States had limited funds, so they depended on these investor-backed companies for money while providing protection and monopolies in return. |
| What is the Columbian Exchange? | It was the massive transfer of diseases, plants, animals, minerals, and people between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (the Americas) after 1492. |
| Why is the Columbian Exchange considered so significant? | It reshaped global populations, diets, economies, and environments by linking previously separate regions into one interacting system. |
| How did the Columbian Exchange spread disease to the Americas? | Europeans brought diseases like smallpox and measles, which spread rapidly among Indigenous populations who had no immunity. |
| What was the “Great Dying”? | Historians use this term for the catastrophic population collapse—often 50–95 percent or more—of Indigenous peoples in the Americas caused largely by introduced diseases. |
| What important Old World crops moved to the Americas? | Wheat, rice, bananas, sugarcane, grapes, and olives were introduced to the Americas from Eurasia and Africa. |
| How did these Old World crops affect the Americas? | They changed diets, supported plantation agriculture, and helped shape colonial economies around cash crops like sugar. |
| What key New World crops moved to Europe, Africa, and Asia? | Maize (corn), potatoes, and manioc (cassava) were major American crops that spread to the Old World. |
| How did New World foods influence Old World populations? | High-calorie crops like potatoes and maize contributed to major population growth in places like Europe during the 1700s. |
| What crop is linked with enslaved Africans in this exchange? | Okra became associated with African food traditions brought across the Atlantic by enslaved Africans. |
| What animals were brought from Eurasia to the Americas? | Horses, pigs, sheep, and cattle. |
| How did Eurasian animals affect Native American societies? | They multiplied quickly, and groups that adopted horses gained an advantage over those who did not. |
| What key minerals moved in the Columbian Exchange? | Silver and gold were major minerals transferred. |
| What was the “Price Revolution” in Europe? | It was a long period (about 150 years) during which prices in Europe rose steadily, largely due to the influx of silver and gold and expanding trade. |
| How did the Price Revolution affect Europe’s economic systems? | Europe shifted from feudalism (an economy based on land ownership and obligations) toward capitalism (an economy focused on manufacturing, trade, and private ownership). |
| What was one long-term economic impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe? | It helped open trade and support the growth of capitalist systems centered on commerce and production. |
| What was the requerimiento issued by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella? | It was a declaration claiming that the pope had given Spain biblical authority to rule the Americas and threatening violence against Indigenous groups that refused Spanish rule. |
| In what language was the requerimiento read, and why was that a problem? | It was read in Spanish, which most Indigenous people did not understand, turning it into a one-sided justification for conquest rather than real consent. |
| What were two key advantages Hernán Cortés had in conquering the Aztec Empire? | European diseases like smallpox weakened the Aztecs, and Cortés allied with Indigenous groups who were under Aztec rule and resented them. |
| What was the encomienda system in Spanish America? | It was a Spanish labor system in which the crown granted Spaniards control over the labor and tribute of specific Indigenous communities in exchange for “protecting” and converting them to Christianity. |
| In practice, how did the encomienda system function for Indigenous people? | Although framed as protection and religious instruction, it often meant harsh forced labor and conditions that closely resembled slavery. |
| What were the two main economic sources of wealth for the Spanish Empire in the Americas? | Mining for gold and silver and the export of cash crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton. |
| Why did Indigenous labor in Spanish colonies begin to break down? | Many Indigenous people knew the land well and could escape, and disease had already killed large numbers, making this labor source unstable. |
| Why were enslaved Africans increasingly imported into Spanish America? | They were forced to work in mines and on plantations, were less able to escape to familiar communities, and many had some prior exposure to Old World diseases. |
| How did Spanish merchants obtain enslaved Africans? | They partnered with West African groups and participated in the transatlantic slave trade. |
| Why was there no traditional Spanish nobility in the New World? | Noble titles were tied to land and status in Spain, so in the Americas a different, colonial social structure had to develop. |
| What was the purpose of the Spanish casta system in New Spain? | It organized society into a ranked social hierarchy based on race and heredity, giving more “white blood” greater social power. |
| Who was at the top and bottom of the Spanish colonial social hierarchy? | Spaniards (especially peninsulares and criollos) were at the top, while Indigenous Americans and Africans were at the bottom. |
| How did the casta system shape daily life in New Spain? | It erased cultural complexity but also strictly ordered society, influencing education, occupations, taxes, and even how towns and villages were laid out |
| What was the Bering land bridge? | A land bridge located between North America and Asia where people gradually spread into the Americas. |
| When did the Clovis people come to North America? | Around 13,000 years ago. |
| What does the term "Anasazi" translate to? | "The ancient ones." |
| Where were the Anasazi located? | New Mexico and Arizona. |
| How long before Columbus did the Anasazi construct impressive cliff dwellings? | 700 years prior to Columbus. |
| What is notable about Chaco Canyon? | It features 600 interconnected rooms. |
| How did ancient societies adapt to farming in dry climates? | They used an intricate maze of canals, dams, and terracing, which allowed agriculture to flourish despite the dry climate. |
| Which Tribe of Native Southwest Americans had the largest cities? | The Pueblo people |
| What is Historical Causation? | Analyzing immediate and long-term causes and effects. |
| What are the 3 main parts of a Historical Argument? | Analytical thesis, claim backed by evidence, and persuasive argument. |
| What 4 things should you analyze when evaluating Historical Evidence? | Author's POV (bias), intended audience, purpose, and historical context. |
| What is Continuity and Change Over Time? | Tracking how something stays the same or transforms across history. |
| What is Periodization? | Categorizing history into meaningful time periods with clear start/end points. |
| What is Comparison? | Comparing and contrasting documents to view history from different perspectives. |
| What is Contextualization? | Fitting an event into the bigger picture of its time. |
| Continuity and Change: Slavery Example: How did historical views on slavery change over time? | From "necessary evil" after the Revolution, to evil in the North/necessary in the South, to Calhoun's "positive good." |
| Continuity and Change: Marijuana Example: How did marijuana policy change over time? | Open view in 1970s $\rightarrow$ War on Drugs in 1980s $\rightarrow$ state legalization in early 2010s. |
| What was the extent of Native American trade networks in North America? | They stretched from Aztlán to all over North America. |
| How did Native American understanding of warfare differ from Europeans? | Native Americans tended to understand warfare differently than Europeans, who practiced total warfare. |
| What was Ponce de León looking for in Florida in 1513? | The Fountain of Youth. |
| What key events involved Cortés and Pizarro? | Cortés conquered the Aztecs in Mexico (1519) and Pizarro conquered the Incas in Peru (1532) in search of gold. |
| How did Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, and De Soto impact European exploration? | They inspired others to seek riches across Texas, Mexico City, the US Southern Border, and the South. |
| What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? | An agreement that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. |
| How were European conquests achieved? | Through horses, swords, armor, smallpox, and coalitions of enemies with Native Americans. |
| The Gutenberg printing press (1455), Martin Luther's split in the Catholic Church (1517), and Henry VIII's split with the Church (1534). | |
| Why did Puritans emerge? | They wanted to purify the Church, which they felt remained more Catholic than Protestant. |
| What happened during Queen Elizabeth I's reign in 1558? | Protestants held power, leading Spain to attack with its Armada in 1588. |
| What happened to the Roanoke colony? | Established in 1585 in North Carolina, it became lost/not found after receiving no supplies for a few years due to the Spanish Armada and a massive drought (1587–1589). |
| What was Jamestown? | Founded in 1607, it became the first permanent English settlement in North America. |
| What were the initial conditions at Jamestown? | It was built on a swamp with mosquitoes, malaria, and tidal movements, controlled largely by Chief Powhatan and surrounding Indigenous peoples. |
| How did Captain John Smith impact Jamestown? | He rallied the settlers, was captured by Powhatan and threatened with execution, was saved by Pocahontas, and returned to England in 1609. |
| What was the "Starving Time"? | The winter of 1609–1610 when 80% of the Jamestown population starved to death after depending on trade with local tribes for food. |
| What became Jamestown's "gold"? | Tobacco imported in 1613, which developed a pleasant smoking strain. |
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