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APUSH Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were Native American societies like before European contact? | They were very diverse. |
| What were the three main types of Native American societies before European contact? | Hunter-gatherer bands, massive cities, and semi-permanent settlements. |
| What was the main factor that determined population size in Native American societies? | The cultivation of maize. |
| Where was maize first cultivated? | Mexico. |
| When was maize first cultivated? | Around 5000 BCE. |
| How did maize cultivation change Native American societies? | It led to more complex societies and sedentary agriculture. |
| How did maize cultivation affect economic development? | It encouraged trade networks because many societies wanted corn. |
| How did maize cultivation affect settlements? | It led to permanent settlements. |
| How did maize cultivation affect farming methods? | It led to the development of advanced irrigation techniques. |
| How did maize cultivation affect society? | It led to greater social diversification. |
| What was the climate like in the Great Basin and Plains? | Hot and dry. |
| Were Great Basin and Plains societies nomadic or sedentary? | They were nomadic. |
| Why did Great Basin and Plains societies move frequently? | They moved with the seasons. |
| How large were most Great Basin and Plains groups? | About 20–100 people. |
| Which Native American group lived in the Great Basin and Plains region? | The Ute. |
| What kind of shelters did Great Basin and Plains peoples use? | Mobile shelters. |
| What was the role of men in Great Basin and Plains societies? | They hunted. |
| What was the role of women in Great Basin and Plains societies? | They gathered food. |
| What characterized Native American societies along the Northeast, Mississippi, and Atlantic Coast? | They had larger populations and more permanent settlements. |
| What civilization was located in the Mississippi River region? | The Hopewell. |
| What type of soil did the Mississippi River region have? | Rich soil. |
| What was the population of the Mississippi River societies? | About 4,000–6,000 people. |
| What was a major food source for Atlantic Coast societies? | The ocean. |
| How did Mississippi River societies trade? | They traded using rivers. |
| What did abundant food supplies help create in the Mississippi and Atlantic Coast regions? | Complex civilizations. |
| What was a feature of social organization in the Mississippi and Atlantic Coast regions? | Social hierarchy. |
| What were the Hopewell known for building? | Mounds. |
| What was the largest mound-building city? | Cahokia. |
| Which Native American confederacy was located in the Northeast? | The Iroquois Confederacy. |
| Were the Iroquois fully sedentary? | No, they were semi-sedentary. |
| What type of homes did the Iroquois build? | Longhouses made from timber. |
| What was the Iroquois Confederacy? | An alliance of several Native American nations. |
| Which Native American group lived along the Atlantic Coast in the Southeast? | The Cherokee. |
| What were Cherokee men responsible for? | Hunting. |
| What were Cherokee women responsible for? | Growing crops. |
| What does "matrilineal" mean in Cherokee society? | Family lineage and inheritance were traced through the mother's side. |
| Where was the Iroquois Tribe located? | Northeast region |
| Where was the Cherokee tribe located? | Atlantic Coast region |
| Where were the Chinook and Chumash tribes were located? | Pacific Coast region |
| What were the key factors that helped Europe stabilize? | A warmer climate, improved agricultural productivity, more food leading to population growth, increased desire for Asian luxury goods, the Renaissance, and growing political unification. |
| How did climate affect Europe’s stabilization? | The warming climate improved growing conditions, which supported better harvests and population growth. |
| How did improved agricultural productivity contribute to European change? | Better farming methods and yields meant more food, which allowed populations to grow and supported economic and social development. |
| What was the connection between more food and population growth in Europe? | More reliable food supplies meant fewer famines and higher survival rates, which led to more babies and a growing population. |
| How did the desire for Asian luxury goods influence European actions? | European elites wanted spices, silks, and other luxury goods from Asia, pushing states to find new trade routes and engage in exploration. |
| What cultural movement helped reshape Europe during this period? | The Renaissance, which revived classical learning, encouraged innovation, and supported new ways of thinking about art, science, and exploration. |
| How did political unification affect European states? | As kingdoms unified under stronger central governments, they gained the power and resources needed to fund exploration and expansion. |
| What were the three main motives for European exploration often summarized as “3 Gs”? | Gold, God, and Glory. |
| What did “Gold” represent as a motive for exploration? | It represented economic motives: seeking wealth, trade opportunities, and access to valuable goods and resources. |
| How did demand for luxury goods contribute to exploration? | High demand for luxury goods encouraged Europeans to search for direct trade routes to Asia and other regions to gain profits and control trade. |
| How did improved banking systems support exploration and trade? | Better banking systems made it easier to fund voyages, manage credit, and facilitate long-distance trade. |
| Which country was an early leader in exploration, and who is associated with that role? | Portugal, associated with Prince Henry the Navigator, who supported exploration and established trading posts along Africa’s coast. |
| What did Portuguese trading posts around Africa help create? | They helped establish trading empires based on controlling coastal routes and exchanging goods. |
| What did “God” represent as a motive for exploration? | Religious motives, especially spreading Christianity and reinforcing the influence of Christian institutions. |
| What was the dominant belief system in Europe during this period? | Christianity, particularly Roman Catholic Christianity, shaped culture and politics. |
| What was simony in the context of the Catholic Church? | Simony was the buying and selling of important church positions. |
| What were indulgences in the Catholic Church? | Indulgences were payments or actions people made in exchange for reducing punishment for sins, which sparked controversy and criticism. |
| How did the division between Catholic and Protestant Christianity affect Europe? | It led to political feuds, power struggles, and conflicts between states and within societies. |
| Which royal marriage helped combine major Spanish kingdoms? | The marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. |
| What was the Inquisition in Spain used for? | It was used to enforce religious conformity, eliminate religious dissent, and expel or punish groups such as many Jews. |
| What did “Glory” represent as a motive for exploration? | Political motives, including competition for power, prestige, and territorial expansion. |
| How did competition for colonial possessions affect European politics? | States sought colonies to shift the balance of power in their favor, leading to rivalry and conflict. |
| What is a nation-state in this context? | A political entity that governs a single, unified people and promotes strong national identity and competition with other states. |
| How did the rise of the nation-state change European competition? | It intensified competition, as unified states sought to become the most powerful through colonies, trade, and military strength. |
| What role did Spain and Portugal play in early exploration rivalry? | They were leading rivals whose competition led to agreements about dividing newly discovered lands. |
| What was the Line of Demarcation, and who drew it? | It was a boundary dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal, drawn by the pope to manage their competing claims. |
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