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ART 101 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Approximately how long is the Venus of Willendorf? | 11 centimeters |
| The Venus of Willendorf is considered an “artifact.” What is the best working definition of the term “artifact”? | Something of beauty that has been achieved through human skills. |
| What is a simple way for archeologists to approximate the creation date of a Paleolithic object such as the Venus of Willendorf? | They can study the nearby area and depth at which the object was found. |
| How did the Venus of Willendorf get its name? | Its name was the result of archeologists assuming the figure was a goddess. |
| When we closely study the anatomy of the Venus of Willendorf, what theme most clearly emerges? | Fertility |
| The famous Lascaux cave paintings are located in what modern-day country? | France |
| What elemental materials were used by early humans to paint the caves at Lascaux? | charcoal and ochre |
| In addition to bulls, what animals are present in the Lascaux cave paintings? | deer, lions, horses, and elk |
| Most of the painted bulls at Lascaux are depicted in profile (meaning from the side), with their heads and horns depicted from a front viewpoint. What is the term for this technique? | twisted perspective |
| Many scholars believe the paintings at Lascaux represent a spiritual ritual that early humans developed to gain power over animals. What is this theory called? | hunting magic |
| Ancient ziggurats can be found scattered throughout what two modern-day countries? | Iraq and Iran |
| Like most ziggurats, the Ziggurat of Ur was made out of what material? | baked mud bricks |
| The Ziggurat of Ur has three distinct levels. What term do art historians use for these levels? | terraces |
| The Ziggurat of Ur honors what moon goddess? | Nanna |
| The Ziggurat of Ur contains what impressive design element? | drains |
| Pyramids, including the Great Pyramids at Giza, are best described as what kind of structures? | mortuary complexes |
| The shape, design, and alignment of the Great Pyramids at Giza align with what natural force? | the sun |
| Who were Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure? | The pharaohs who built the Great Pyramids at Giza. |
| How much does the average Great Pyramid block weigh? | 2.5 tons |
| What threatens the Great Pyramids at Giza today? | pollution, illegal quarrying, the rapid growth of Cairo, political uncertainty |
| The Parthenon was built during the “Golden Age” of Ancient Greece after the defeat of which foreign adversary? | The Persians |
| The Parthenon originally contained a colossal statue of Athens’ patron goddess. Who was she? | Athena |
| The Parthenon’s prominent sculptures were carved from what material? | marble |
| What subject matter is most common among the Parthenon’s carved metopes? | battle |
| What mythological part-man, part-horse creature figures prominently in Parthenon iconography? | centaur |
| How many Riace Warrior statues were discovered in 1972? | 2 |
| The Riace Warriors were cast using what famous technique? | the lost-wax method |
| What artistic term is used to describe the stance, or posture, of the Riace Warriors? | contrapposto |
| What aspect of the Riace Warriors is still subject to scholarly debate? | The century they were made. |
| Some art historians believe that the Riace Warriors could be characters from what kind of story? | a tragic play |
| The Capitoline She-Wolf is connected to Ancient Rome’s foundational myth, which is rooted in the story of what twin brothers? | Romulus and Remus |
| Since the Capitoline She-Wolf is a bronze sculpture-in-the-round, how was it made to be viewed? | The sculpture was intended to be seen from any angle. |
| What is a striking detail of the Capitoline She-Wolf and her two infants? | All three figures are lean, with no trace of fat. |
| Scholars observe that two notable aspects of the Capitoline She-Wolf are stylized, meaning that they are exaggerated and/or unnatural in their appearance. What are they? | Her long neck and s-curled fur. |
| While there is much scholarly debate about the Capitoline She-Wolf, what feature do scholars generally agreed was added centuries later? | the brothers |
| While some scholars now debate this fact, traditionally the Pantheon has been regarded as what kind of temple? | A temple to all the gods. |
| The Pantheon was first constructed during which century? | 2nd century CE |
| What is the art history term for the Pantheon dome’s inset panels? | coffers |
| What is the art history term for the Pantheon dome’s large, circular opening? | oculus |
| Like many feats of Roman engineering, the walls of the Pantheon are constructed from what inexpensive building innovation? | concrete |
| Which Byzantine emperor was chiefly responsible for the construction of Hagia Sophia in the 6th century CE? | Justinian |
| Which of the following is a striking design feature of Hagia Sophia? | Its perfect proportions. |
| Throughout the centuries, visitors and art historians have noted the heavenly, floating quality of which aspect of Hagia Sophia? | Its dome. |
| Hagia Sophia’s most famous legend involves what kind of figure? | An angel. |
| Hagia Sophia faces constant threat from what natural phenomenon? | An earthquake fault. |
| The Bayeux Tapestry commemorates the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings, which took place in which year? | 1066 |
| The Bayeux Tapestry is, strictly speaking, not a woven tapestry, but rather what kind of composition? | an embroidery |
| The Bayeux Tapestry contains inscriptions to clarify its narrative. What language are they in? | Latin |
| The Bayeux Tapestry glorifies what Norman king? | William |
| After their successful invasion of southern England, what structures did the Normans renovate, remodel, and build to assert their cultural dominance? | churches |
| Which of the following is a notable fact about England’s Salisbury Cathedral? | tallest spire in Britain, contains four oldest copies of the Magna Carta, houses oldest working clock in England, completed in only 38 years |
| Salisbury Cathedral is known for a distinct style of arch. What is it? | a pointed arch |
| What element of the Salisbury Cathedral weighs over 6,000 tons and has never been straight? | its spire |
| The addition of stained glass and small chapels in later centuries is an example of what architectural technique? | Restoration |
| Some critics have suggested one prominent aspect of Salisbury Cathedral make it particularly gloomy or dreary. What is it? | The cathedral is mostly gray inside. |
| Giotto’s paintings in the Arena Chapel (located in modern-day Padua, Italy) are frescoes, meaning they can’t be removed from the church itself. How are frescoes painted? | Frescoes are painted directly on the walls. |
| Scholars have two terms for the period in which Giotto painted. Some scholars refer to it as Late Gothic. What is the other scholarly term for this period? | Proto-Renaissance |
| What role did Enrico Scrovegni play in Giotto’s life? | He was his patron who commissioned and paid for paintings. |
| Besides Jesus, which biblical figure is most prominent in Giotto’s Arena Chapel paintings? | Mary |
| Why was it so important for churches, like the Arena Chapel, to have decorative paintings in the 13th and 14th centuries? | Because most churchgoers were illiterate. |
| Donatello’s David is a modestly sized bronze statue. About how tall is it? | 5 feet |
| What object rests by David’s left foot? | Goliath’s severed head |
| What aspect of David’s appearance, inspired by Greek and Roman art, is notable, even though it was an uncommon means of depiction during the Renaissance? | David’s nudity |
| What do art historians typically call this influence of Greek and Roman art, where the body is celebrated for its beauty, nobility, proportion, and naturalism? | Humanism |
| Many artists from Florence depicted the biblical character David. What aspect of his personality appealed to them the most? | David was an underdog. |
| In da Vinci’s Last Supper, which figure symbolically reaches for a dish, or plate, at the same time as Jesus? | Judas |
| What shape does Jesus’ body make in the composition? | triangle |
| Scholars tend to agree that the landscape direct behind Jesus is a symbolic representation of what? | Heaven |
| The painting’s windows and clustered apostles reflect which sacred number? | 3 |
| Da Vinci’s experimental use of materials while painting Last Supper has led to what unintended outcome? | deterioration |
| Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights is best described as which of the following? | triptych |
| The first panel of Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights recounts a rarely painted biblical scene. What is it? | The moment God introduces Eve to Adam. |
| Though fantastic and surreal, the middle panel of The Garden of Earthly Delights seems primarily concerned with what theme? | lust |
| What color dominates the final panel of The Garden of Earthly Delights? | black |
| Some scholars argue that Bosch documented part of himself in the final panel of The Garden of Earthly Delights. What do they cite as a possible reflection of the painter? | a face |
| As in the biblical story, Gentileschi’s painting Judith Slaying Holofernes depicts Holofernes as a powerful man. What role did he serve? | general |
| What striking detail in Gentileschi’s mature second version from 1620-1621 (the version we’re studying) proves her mastery of realism, surpassing these earlier efforts? | the blood |
| What is the name of the maidservant who helped Judith kill Holofernes? | Abra |
| Some scholars believe the story of Judith resonated so powerfully with Gentileschi because she suffered a traumatic experience at the hands of a powerful man. What was that experience? | She was raped by an older painter. |
| Why did the Catholic church celebrate the story of Judith in the 16th and 17th centuries? | They viewed Judith as a symbol of themselves defeating Protestants and Turks. |
| Vigee-LeBrun became famous for her portraits of what European monarch? | Marie-Antoinette |
| Who did Vegee-LeBrun credit for inspiring her career as an artist when she later wrote her autobiography? | her father |
| What bold color is used for the wide, belted ribbon in Vigee-LeBrun’s Self-Portrait? | red |
| What is an important detail about the brushes that Vigee-LeBrun holds in Self-Portrait? | They are all covered in paint. |
| What event led Vigee-LeBrun to leave her native France in the early 1790s? | the French Revolution |
| Kauffmann’s Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures focuses on characters and themes from what earlier culture? | Roman |
| What is the total number of human figures in Kauffmann’s Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures? | 5 |
| What does the female visitor show off proudly in Kauffmann’s Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures? | her jewelry |
| Kauffman was from what small European country, not traditionally known for producing great painters? | Switzerland |
| What is the central theme of Kauffmann’s Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures? | virtue |
| What French leader was responsible for the slaughter of Spanish freedom fighters in Goya’s The Third of May, 1808? | Napoleon |
| The stance and pose of the central figure in Goya’s The Third of May, 1808 is an allusion, or reference, to what aspect of Jesus’s story? | His crucifixion. |
| What religious official, clad in black, is seen praying in Goya’s The Third of May, 1808? | a monk |
| In this same painting, how does Goya emphasize the cowardice and brutality of the French soldiers? | He never shows their faces. |
| What groundbreaking theme does Goya convey in The Third of May, 1808? | War is brutal and reveals our savagery. |
| Manet’s painting Olympia caused a scandal because it violated traditional expectations regarding what? | nudity |
| What is the assumed role of the central female figure in Manet’s Olympia? | prostitute |
| What famous painting did Manet use as inspiration for his Olympia? | Titian’s Venus of Urbino |
| What technique did Manet use in Olympia that would quickly become a stylistic trait employed by many Impressionist painters? | His flatness and lack of depth. |
| Manet’s Olympia, like Paris itself, became a symbol for what concept in the mid-to-late 19th century? | modernity |
Created by:
ajpatton08