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Stage 2 P/L
Performance and Limitations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does ICEFLAGS stand for? | Inversion illusion, Coriolis illusion, Elevator illusion, Fasle Horizon, Leans, Autokinesis, Graveyard Spriral, Somatogravic Illusion |
| What is inversion illusion? | an abrupt change from climb to straight and level flight may create the illusion of tumbling backwards. |
| What is Coriolis Illusion? | When a pilot has been in a turn long enough, the fluid in the ear canal will move at the same speed. If the pilot abruptly moves their head, it may cause the pilot to think the aircraft is maneuvering a certain way when it is not. |
| What is Elevator Illusion? | An abrupt upward vertical acceleration, such as those felt from updrafts, can create the illusion of being in a climb. This may cause the pilot to enter a nose-low attitude. |
| What is False Horizon Illusion? | Anything from a sloping cloud formation, obscured horizon, stars reflecting over water, etc., can create inaccurate visual information causing the pilot to enter a dangerous attitude |
| What is the Leans Illusion? | When a plane is suddenly returned to level flight after elongated turning in a specific direction, it may cause the illusion the aircraft is banking in the opposite direction rather than level. |
| What is the Autokinesis Illusion? | At night, a stationary light may appear to move if it is stared at for a prolonged amount of time. |
| What is the Graveyard Spiral Illusion? | When an illusion such as the leans is experienced, altitude is lost during turns unless it is compensated for. If a pilot realizes he is losing altitude and pulls up on the yoke during a spiral, it will only tighten the spiral, losing full aircraft contro |
| What is Somotogravic Illusion? | In rapid acceleration, an illusion can be felt that you are “tumbling backwards”. This can lead the pilot to pushing the nose down to a dangerous low attitude. |
| What are the four principles of flight? | Thrust, Lift, Drag, Weight |
| What is Bernoullis Principle? | As the velocity of a fluid increases, pressure of the fluid decreases |
| What are the two components that created drag? | Friction and viscosity |
| How is lift created? | Newtons Third Law and Bernoullis Principle |
| What is angle of attack? | The angle between the aircraft’s chord line and relative wind |
| What is a chord line? | An imaginary straight line drawn through an airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing |
| What is the aerodynamic center of a wing? | a fixed point on the wing airfoil where the forces of lift balance out |
| What is the purpose of a dihedral? | Lateral stability |
| What is a dihedral wing? | When the wing root is lower than the tip of the wing. They are somewhat slanted. |
| What is induced drag? Does it increase or decrease with airspeed? | A byproduct of lift. It decreases as airspeed increases. |
| What is parasite drag? Does it increase or decrease with airspeed? | All other forms of drag not produced as a byproduct of lift. It increases as speed decreases. |
| What are the three main types of parasite drag? | Form: things that dont contribute to aerodynamic shape. Skin Friction: all dirt and rivets eliminating the smooth surface. Interference: when multiple air flows come into contact and intertwine with one another |
| What are wingtip vorticies? | circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift, resulting in induced drag and downwash. |
| What is downwash? | The relative wind trailing behind an aircraft being pushed downward. |
| If you increase the angle of attack, what increases? | Lift and Drag will both increase. |
| What is laminar flow? How does it change? | the smooth flow of air over a wing as it produces lift. Low AOA, the air is more laminar. As AOA increases, the laminar flow hits a transition period and eventually becomes turbulent due to the separation of air from the wing. |
| Where does lift act? | perpendicular to the relative wind and through the aerodynamic center. |
| What is drag? | an aerodynamic force that resists the aircraft’s movement through the air. |
| In what direction will weight always pull? | To the center of the earth regardless on the aircraft’s position (climbing, descending, straight and level, etc.) |
| Why is altitude lost if attitude remains constant during a turn? | Part of the total lift (vertical lift) is being used to turn the aircraft and becomes a horizontal lift component. Angle of attack must be increased or power increased to maintain altitude |
| What is centrifugal force? | An outward force that opposes horizontal lift, resulting from the effect of inertia during a turn |
| Why is load factor felt in a turn? When does it worsen? | The combination of the aircraft’s weight and centrifugal force result in load factor. The steeper the bank, the higher the load factor. |
| What is maneuvering speed? (Va) | the maximum speed at which the aircraft’s limit load can be imposed (gusts or abrupt control deflection) without causing structural damage. |
| Why does a pilot want to operate below maneuvering speed? | The pilot will be able to pull back on the yoke as fast as possible and the aircraft will stall before the load limit is exceeded |
| What is ground effect? | When an aircraft is within one wingspan from the ground, the wingtip vorticies and downwash are reduced due to interference with the ground. This results in an increased performance near the ground |
| What are the three axis an aircraft can rotate around? | Longitudinal, Lateral, and Vertical |
| What is the Lateral axis? | imaginary line running wingtip to wingtip. Rotation around this axis is controlled using the elevator and is known as pitch. |
| What is the Longitudinal axis? | An imaginary line running from the nose to the tail. Rotation around this axis is controlled using ailerons and is known as rolling. |
| What is the Vertical axis? | An imaginary line extending from the top to the bottom of an aircraft. Rotation around this axis is controlled by the rudder and known as yaw. |
| What is controllability? | how the aircraft’s limit load responds to control inputs. a controllable aircraft is easy to rotate around its three axis |
| What is Maneuverability? | The aircrafts ability to withstand the stresses involved in changing its flight path. |
| What is stability? | When an object has the tendency to return to its original position when disturbed by an external force. A stable aircraft is easier to control because it resists deviations from the desired flight path. |
| What is the difference between static and dynamic stability? | Static is the aircraft’s INITIAL response when an external force is applied. Dynamic stability is the long-term behavior of an aircraft after it’s been disturbed from its flight path |
| What is longitudinal stability? | the aircrafts stability around the lateral axis, or pitch |
| What is lateral stability? | an aircrafts stability around its longitudinal axis, or roll. Dihedrals enhance lateral stability |
| What is directional stability? | An aircrafts stability around its vertical axis, or yaw. |
| What is wing twist? | when the roots of a wing are a higher angle than the tips. this allows for better aileron control when at high angles of attack and approaching a stall |
| What are the characteristics of having a forward CG? | highest stall speed, easy stall recovery, most stable, slowest cruise speed, more fuel burn |
| What are the characteristics of having an aft CG? | lowest stall speed, hard stall recovery, less stable, highest cruise speed, less fuel burn |
| What are the four left turning tendencies? | P-factor, spiraling slipstream, torque reaction, and gyroscopic precession |
| What is P-factor? | When at high AOA/powersettings and low airspeeds, the downward blade takes a bigger “bite” than the upward blade and produces more forward thrust. This causes a yawing to the left |
| What is Spiraling Slipstream? | When at high AOA/powersettings and low airspeeds, the propellers backwash spirals around the airframe and strikes the left side of the vertical tail/rudder, causing a yawing to the left. |
| What is Torque Reaction? | Newtowns Third Law. As the propeller spins clockwise, it creates a rolling moment to the left. |
| What is Gyroscopic Precession? | When a force is applied on an object, it is felt 90 degrees later in the plane of rotation. |
| What are the primary controls in an aircraft? What are they used for? | Rudder, ailerons, and the elevator. They are used to control an aircraft safely during a flight |
| What are the secondary controls in an aircraft? What are they used for? | Flaps, trim tabs, spoilers, leading edge devices. They are used to improve aircraft performance and make the aircraft easier to control. |
| What is adverse yaw? | When an aircraft nose yaws in the opposite direction of the intended turn |
| What are differential frise type ailerons? | Differential means the ailerons deflect upward more than they deflect downwards. Frise means the upward deflected aileron produces more drag to help reduce adverse yaw |
| What is the benefit of having slotted flaps? | the opening between the wing and the flap allows for air to be redirected through this gap which results in a greater coefficient of lift |
| What is pressure altitude vs density altitude? | Pressure altitude is altitude above the datum plane on a standard temp day. Density altitude is just pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature |
| What happens to aircraft performance when air density decreases? | As air density decreases, density altitude increases. There are less air molecules for the aircraft to grab/move over the airframe and this causes a decrease in performance |
| What does GLENPWAHS stand for? | Poh sections. General, Limitations, Emergency Procedures, Normal Procedures, Performance, Weight and Balance, Airplane and Systems, Handling & Maintenance, and Supplements |
| What are the type of airspeeds? | indicated, calibrated, true, and groundspeed |
| Define the types of airspeeds. | Indicated: what is read off of ASI. Calibrated: IAS corrected for installation/position error. True: CAS corrected for non standard temperature. Ground speed: TAS corrected for wind |
| What is the maximum airspeed you may fly below 10,000’ MSL | 250kts |
Created by:
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