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Stage 2 PPL weather
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a front? | A front is the boundary layer between two different air masses/fronts. |
| What are the four types of fronts? | Cold, Warm, Stationary, and Occluded |
| What is a cold front and how does it move? | when a dense, cold air mass with stable air replaces a warmer airmass by acting as a snowplow plow, forcing its way under and pushing the warm air aloft. It is fast moving typically at 25-30 mph |
| What type of weather is associated with a cold front? | Due to the rapidly ascending air caused by a cold front, you should expect the formation of towering cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds. Severe storms, tornadoes, hail, and poor visibility. |
| What is a warm front and how does it move? | when a less dense warm airmass advances and replaces a cold airmass. It will slide over the top of a cold airmass and gradually push it out of the area. They are slow moving typically 10-25mph |
| What type of weather is associated with a warm front? | typically stratus cloud with drizzle will appear. In the summer, thunderstorms are likely. |
| What does the passage of a front always change? | wind and temperature |
| What is a stationary front and how does it move? | When two air masses come into contact that are relatively equal, the boundary layer remains stationary and influences local weather for days. |
| What type of weather is associated with a stationary front? | typically a mixture of both warm and cold front weather. Surface winds along the front tend to flow parallel to the frontal zone. |
| What is a trough? | An elongated area of low pressure |
| What is a ridge? | An elongated area of high pressure |
| What is a squall line? | a narrow band of thunderstorms that typically forms just ahead of fast moving cold fronts |
| What is the dry line? | A boundary separating moist and dry air masses. |
| What properties does a stable airmass have? | stable air resists vertical movement causing any weather changes to take longer to develop. The weather tends to be less severe. Poor visibility, smooth air, stratiform clouds and continuous precipitation |
| What properties does an unstable airmass have? | unstable air does not resist vertical movement resulting in abrupt weather changes such as thunderstorms. good visibility, turbulent air, cumuliform clouds, and showery precipitation |
| What is the formation of a front called? | Frontogenesis |
| What is the dissipation of a front called? | Frontolysis |
| What is relative humidity? | the concentration of water molecules in a parcel of air |
| what Is adiabatic cooling? | when air rises vertically into the atmosphere and expands as pressure decreases, causing it to cool |
| what is advection cooling? | When air moves horizontally over a colder surface |
| what is radiation cooling? | when the underlying surface loses heat through thermal radiation, typically at night |
| what is a temperature inversion? | when air temperature increases with altitude rather than decreasing. It can happen at any altitude and and you may experience turbulence or wind shear in the transition zone |
| Define lapse rate | the rate at which air temperature decreases with altitude |
| What are the three wind cells | Hadley, Mid-Latitude, and Polar Cell |
| When is Coriolis force strongest/weakest? | Strongest at the poles and weakest at the equator. |
| What is Virga? Why is it a hazard? | when rain evaporates before reaching the ground. The evaporation of the air triggers strong downdrafts that can impose uncontrollable sinkage in an aircraft |
| What is a ceiling? | the lowest layer of clouds |
| What does broken and overcast mean? | Broken: the sky is at least 5/8 covered. Overcast: the sky is completely covered |
| When should fog be expected? | when the temperature/dewpoint spread is less than 5 degrees F and 3 degrees C |
| What are the five main types of fog? | Radiation, Advection, Steam, upslope, and frontal fog |
| describe radiation fog. | occurs when the ground cools warm moist air immediately above it to its dewpoint. Most likely to occur during clear nights in low/flattened areas due to the ground cooling faster than the air above it. |
| describe advection fog | Forms when wind pushes warm, moist air over a cold surface. The cold surface cools the moist air to its dewpoint and condenses the moisture into fog |
| Describe steam fog. | forms when water vapor is added to colder air and condenses into fog. Usually occurs when waters are still warm but colder air masses prevail |
| describe upslope fog. | Forms when wind forces moist air upslope. The lifting of air due to terrain changes is called orographic lifting |
| What is wind shear and why does it pose a hazard? | an abrupt change in wind speed or direction. It can cause aircraft’s to experience violent updrafts/downdrafts and cause sudden changes in performance. It is most hazardous during takeoff’s and landing |
| What is a microburst? | Microbursts are small scale intense downward drafts. Upon reaching the surface, it spreads out in all directions from the downdraft center. This causes extreme vertical and horizontal wind shear. |
| Where will you typically find a microburst? | near convective activity, embedded in heavy rain associated with a thunderstorm, or in virga |
| What conditions must you need to form a thunderstorm? | uplifting action, moisture, and an unstable atmosphere/lapse rate |
| What are the three types of ice? | Mixed, Rime, clear. |
| How often is temperature and winds aloft issued? | every 12 hours, two times a day |
| What are the characteristics of a high pressure system? | Clockwise (anticyclonic), outward and downward/descending air |
| What are the characteristics of a low pressure system? | Counterclockwise (cyclonic), inward, and upward/rising air |
| What are the stages of a thunderstorm? | Cumulus (updrafts only), Mature (updrafts and downdrafts/start of precipitation), and Dissipating (downdrafts only) |
| What is dew point? | The temperature in which the air becomes fully saturated |
| What is a METAR? What are the types, issue, and valid times? | Routine Aviation Weather advisory, issued every hour and valid for the hour or until the next one is released. Routine: normal METAR released. SPECI: a rapid change of weather happening between two regularly scheduled METARS |
| What is a TAF? Issue, valid times, area of coverage? Does it report cloud ceilings in MSL or AGL? | Terminal Aerodrome forecast. Routine, Amended or Corrected. Issued 4 times a day and valid for 24-30 hours. It is a forecast for an area within 5nm of a specific airport. Ceilings reported in MSL |
| What are the change indicators for a TAF? | From: rapid change happening within 1hr. Becoming: gradual change over specific time frame. Tempo: temporary weather happening within time. Prob: the probability of weather happening in this time |
| How are temperatures above 24,000’ recorded? | temperatures are always negative above 24,000’ |
| What is a NOTAM? | Noticies to Airmen: time critical information that was not released soon enough to be mentioned on an aeronautical chart |
| What are the types of NOTAMS? | Domestic: pertaining to a specific airport (taxiway closures, etc.). FDC: updates about instrument approaches or inoperative equipment. TFR: temporary flight restriction |
| What are the types of altitudes? | indicated, Pressure, Density, True, and Absolute |
| Define the types of altitudes. | Indicated: read off the altimeter. Pressure: vertical distance above standard datum plane. Density: pressure corrected for non-standard temp. True: altitude above MSL. Absolute: altitude above terrain/AGL |
| What is Coriolis force? | Due to the earths rotation, things traveling over a long distance seem to curve rather than move in a straight line especially at high altitudes. |
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