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Stage 2 PPL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the different kinds of airworthiness directives? | Emergency: must be complied with before flight. One-Time: After it is complied with once, there is no further need to address the issue. Recurring: Must be complied with at the specified interval. |
| When is an ELT not required? | If the flight will remain 50nm from home airport. |
| What does SODA stand for? | Statement of Demonstrated ability |
| What is a SODA medical and how do you qualify? | Allows pilots with non-progressing medical issues (vision loss, hearing loss, etc) to obtain a medical license. You must receive training to prove you can still demonstrate necessary performance capabilities required for flying. |
| When does a SODA expire? | A SODA does not expire. |
| What is a Special Issuance Medical? | A medical that is given to individuals with disqualifying medical conditions (diabetes, heart disease, etc) but requires a regular checkup with an FAA approved provider to make sure you are still eligible with your conditions. |
| What are the four forces of flight? | Thrust, Lift, Weight, and Drag |
| What are the primary flight controls? | Ailerons, elevator, and rudder |
| What are the secondary flight controls? | flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems |
| How is lift created? | Bernoullis principle and Newtons Third Law |
| What is Bernoullis Principle? | As velocity of a fluid increases, pressure decreases. High speed air over the upper surface of the wing produces a low pressure area while the lower speed of air beneath the wing produces a high pressure area. This produces an upward force |
| What are the two main types of drag? | Induced and Parasite |
| What is induced drag? | It is a byproduct of lift and decreases as airspeed increases. Since speeds are increases, AOA is decreased to maintain level flight which Reduces wingtip vorticies. This allows induced drag to decrease. |
| What is parasite drag? | Form, Skin Friction and Interference Drag. |
| Describe form drag. | Form drag is caused by the shape of the aircraft and the airflow around it, anything that sticks out of the fuselage (antennas, pitot mast, etc) contributes to form drag. |
| Describe skin friction drag. | Caused by the air slowing down as it moves across a surface of the aircraft such as rivets, dirt, or anything that makes the aircraft less smooth. |
| Describe Interference drag. | Caused by intersecting airstreams from different parts of the aircraft. For example, the area where the wing is attached to the fuselage. Since the wing accelerates the relative wind, the airstream will be relatively faster than the wind moving over fusel |
| What is the airspeed where Induced and Parasite Drag meet? | Vg / best glide speed (68). Also known as L/D Max = maximum fit to drag ratio |
| Describe a mean camber line | An imaginary line dividing the upper camber and lower camber into even parts, intersecting the chord line. |
| What is camber and can it be changed? | Camber is the curvature of the wing. It can be changed by extending/retracting flaps. |
| What is the angle of incidence? Can it be changed? | The angle between he wing chord line and fuselage (think straight line from tail to nose and the wing chord line is at an angle). It can not be changed. |
| What is CG? | The point where an aircraft is balances or where the weight is concentrated. |
| What happens with a forward CG? | Lower cruise speed, higher stall speed, more stable, easier stall recovery, more fuel burn, difficulty in rounding out during landing. |
| What happens with an aft CG? | Higher cruise speed, lower stall speed, less stable, difficult stall recovery, less fuel burn, elevator less effective due to shorter arm. |
| What causes a wing to stall? | A wing will stall anytime the Critical Angle of Attack is exceeded. |
| How does temperature affect takeoff distance? | Higher temperature = less dense air. When air is less dense, there is less air flowing over your airframe, making them less efficient and deprives the engine of power also resulting in decreased climb performance. |
| What are the types of airspeeds? | Indicated (IAS), Calibrated (CAS), Ground (GAS), and True (TAS) |
| Define the different type of airspeeds. | IAS: indicated from instrument. CAS: IAS corrected for instrument, position, and installation error). TAS: CAS corrected for non-standard temp and pressure. GAS: TAS corrected for wind. |
| What are the types of altitudes? | Indicated, pressure, density, true, and absolute. |
| Define the types of altitudes. | Indicated: read off altimeter. Pressure: vertical distance above standard datum plane. Density: pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temp. True: vertical distance above MSL. Absolute: vertical distance above terrain. |
| What factors affect air density and why? | Heat: warm air expands and is less dense. Height: air is less dense at higher altitudes. Humidity: humid air is less dense because water molecules take up more room and spread out air molecules. |
| When would you want to use Vx? Vy? | Vx is used to clear an obstacle or gain most altitude over a certain distance. Vy is to gain the most altitude in the shortest amount of time. |
| What are the four left turning tendencies? | Torque, Gyroscopic Precession, P-factor, and slipstream. |
| What is Torque Factor? | the clockwise spinning propellor causes the airplane to roll left around the longitudinal axis (example of Newton’s third law) |
| What is Gyroscopic Precession? | an applied force is felt 90 degrees later in the plane of rotation. |
| What is P-factor? | the descending propeller blade has a greater angle of attack (bigger bite) than the upward moving propeller blade, creating more lift on the right side. This causes a yawing moment to the left. |
| What is spiraling slipstream? | Propeller wash strikes the aircraft on the left side of the vertical stabilizer, causing a left yawning tendency. |
| When are the left turning tendencies most prominent? | low airspeeds, high angles of attack, and high power settings. |
| What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level? | 15 degrees C and 29.92” Hg, or 59 degrees F and 1013.2mb |
| What is an isobar and what does their spacing tell you? | An isobar depicts lines of equal pressure. The closer isobars are placed. The steeper the pressure gradient resulting in stronger winds. The further apart isobars are spaced, the shallower the pressure gradient and calmer winds. |
| How do surface winds flow in relation to isobars? Winds aloft? Why? | At the surface, winds flow at an angle to isobars because of surface friction. Aloft, winds flow more parallel to isobars because of the Coriolis force. |
| What is Coriolis force? | Due to the earths rotation, things traveling over long distances seem to curve rather than move in a straight line |
| What conditions would you expect from unstable air? | cumuliform clouds, showery precipitation, good visibility, and turbulence. |
| What conditions would you expect from stable air? | stratiform clouds, steady precipitation, poor visibility, and smooth air |
| What are characteristics of a high pressure area? | Anti-cyclonic: clockwise, outward and downward/descending air |
| what are the characteristics of a low pressure area? | Cyclonic: counter clockwise, inward, upward/rising air |
| What is a ridge? | an elongated area of high pressure or descending air |
| What is a trough? | an elongated area of low pressure or rising air |
| What is necessary to form a thunderstorm? | unstable atmosphere (greater than standard lapse rate), sufficient moisture, and a lifting action (heating from below, orographic lifting, or frontal lifting) |
| What are the stages of a thunderstorm? | Cumulus (updrafts only), mature (when precipitation begins and both updrafts and downdrafts are occurring), and dissipating (only downdrafts) |
| What is wind shear? | Rapid change in wind direction or velocity |
| Why is wind shear an operational hazard? | It can cause dramatic changes in airspeed and severe turbulence |
| What does dew point mean? | The temperature in which the air becomes fully saturated |
| What are some types of fog? | Advection, Radiation, Upslope, Steam, and precipitation induced |
| How does icing affect aircraft performance? | lift lessens, thrust decreases, weight grows, and drag increases |
| What are some different type of icing situations that can occur on an aircraft? | Induction icing, Carburetor icing, instrument icing, and structural icing. |
| What are the three types of ice? | Rime ice (freeze upon impact of the airfoil), Clear ice (slides backwards across the surface as they freeze), and Mixed ice (drops very in size) |
| What type of weather briefings can you get from FSS or WXBRIEF | Standard (no previous information has been gathered), Abbreviated (update a previous briefing), or Outlook (when departure time is more than 6 hours away) |
| What is a METAR? What are the types, issue, and valid times? | Aviation Routine Weather Report. Routine or special, issued hourly, and valid for the hour. |
| What is a TAF? Issue, valid times, area of coverage? Does it report cloud ceilings in MSL or AGL? | Terminal Aerodrome Forecast. Routine, Ammended, or Corrected. Issued 4 times a day and valid for 24-30 hours. It is a forecast of an area within 5nm of an airport. MSL |
| What is a ceiling? | The height above the ground of a broken or overcast layer |
| What are the types of TAF’s? explain | From: rapid change occurring within 1 hr. Becoming: gradual change occurring over 1 hr. Tempo: weather will occur for less than 1 hr between predicted times. Prob: probability of forecasted weather to occur. |
| What is an AIRMET and what are the three types? | In-flight weather advisory for GA or small aircraft depicting hazards of turbulence, wind shear, surface winds greater than kts, and moderate icing. Valid for 6 hours. Sierra, Tango, Zulu |
| Describe the three types of AIRMETS | Sierra: mountain obscurations or IFR conditions. Tango: moderate turbulence or surface winds greater than 30kts. Zulu: moderate icing or freezing levels. |
| What is a SIGMET? How long is it valid for? | An inflight weather advisory pertaining to the safety of all aircraft. Severe weather not related to a thunderstorm (severe turbulence, dust storms, volcanic ash, severe icing). Valid for 4 hours. |
| What is a CONVECTIVE SIGMET? How long is it valid for? | An inflight weather advisory pertaining to the safety of all aircraft depicting hazards of thunderstorms, surface winds greater than 50kts, tornadoes, and hail >3/4” in diameter. Valid for 2 hours. |
| How often is temperatures and winds aloft issued? | Issued twice a day, every 12 hours. |
| How are temperatures above 24,000’ identified? | they are always negative above 24,000’ |
| What does 710556 mean on a winds and temperatures aloft forecast if the forecast level is 30,000’? | Winds are from 210 @ 105kts, and temperature is -56 degrees C |
| Winds aloft will not be forecast within how many feet of airport elevation? Temperature? | 1500’ and 2500’ |
| What is a NOTAM? | Notice to Airmen: time critical information that is not known soon enough in advance to be published on an aeronautical chart. |
| Where can I find runway lengths? | A/FD |
| What is an alternate? | a second option for landing in case you can not land at your original destination. |
| What is the maximum airspeed below 10,000’ MSL? | 250kts |
| Define minimum safe altitude. | An altitude that allows for an emergency landing without hazard to persons or property on the surface |
| What is magnetic variation? | the difference between magnetic north and true north |
| What are the types of NOTAMS? | domestic (pertaining to a local airport/airport operation), FDC (updates about instrument approaches or inoperative equipment), TFR (temporary flight restrictions) |
| What do you do if you become lost during your flight? | Circle, Conserve, Chart, Climb, Confess/Comply/Communicate |
| How often are A/FD, Chart supplements and Sectionals updated? | every 56 days |
| What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class A? | Instrument rating and IFR flight plan. Mode C transponder, ADSB-Out and two way radio. No weather minimums but must receive ATC clearance to enter. |
| What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class B? | Clearance from ATC required to enter and student pilots must have endorsement to fly within. Mode C transponder, ADSB-Out and two way radio required within the “Mode C Veil”. 3sm of visibility and clear of clouds |
| `What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class C? | Mode C transponder and two way radio required. 3152 weather minimums. |
| What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class D? | Two way radio required. 3152 weather minimums. |
| What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class E? | No equipment requirements. Below 10,000’: 3152 weather minimums. Above 10,000’: 5111 weather minimums |
| What are the airspace requirements and weather minimums for Class G? | No equipment requirements. Below 1200’ AGL: 1sm and clear of clouds. Above 1200’AGL but below 10,000’ MSL: 1152 weather minimums. At night below 10,000’ MSL: 3152. Above 10,000: 5111 |
| What are the different types of special use airspace? | MOA, controlled firing areas, prohibited, restricted, alert, warning, and national security (MCPRAWN) |
| Describe the propeller on our aircraft. | 76 inches in diameter, two blade, fixed pitch, aluminum |
| Describe differential frise ailerons. | The up ailerons deflects 20 degrees upward while the downward aileron only deflects 14 degrees. The frise aspect is from the upward aileron hinge being lower than the airframe and produces parasite drag. This helps eliminate adverse yaw, nose stays insid |
| Why is it important to stay coordinated in a stall? | To prevent entering a spin. |
| What wings are stalled in a spin? | Both wings are stalled however, the downward wing is more deeply stalled than the upward wing |
| Can a stall occur at any weight or speed? | Yes. A stall can occur anytime the critical angle of attack is exceeded. |
| What is load factor? | Load factor is the ratio from lift produced from its wings to its total weight. The more stress placed on an airframe, the higher the load factor will be. |
| Why does an increased load factor increase stall speed? | Since the airframe feels “heavier” with more load, a higher angle of attack is necessary to maintain level flight. Since you already are at a higher angle of attack, you are closer to the critical angle of attack. |
| What is ground effect? | When an aircraft flys within one wingspan of the ground, it exhibits increased lift and decreased induced drag. This causes an temporary increase in performance and can create floating down the runway when trying to land. |
| What are the different types of night and what are each of them used for? | Sunset to sunrise (nav lights), beginning of civil evening twilight to end of civil morning twilight (when you can log night time flying), one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise (recency in landings for carrying passengers) |
| What is the diversion procedure? | Note the current time and your current position. Next, follow THATFAR. Then request an amended flight plan with flight service station and ask for new Flight Following from whatever approach you are communicating with. |
| What is the procedure of THATFAR? | Turn toward the diversion airport, Heading, Altitude, Time and distance enroute, Fuel required, Arrival time, and Revise your plan with FSS/FL |
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