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Praxis Grammar
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Difference between assure, ensure, & insure | Assure: to promise or make certain for someone Ensure: to guarantee or make sure Insure: to provide insurance (monetary) |
| Difference between a while and awhile | A while: noun phrase, a period of time Awhile: adverb, for a time |
| Difference between complement and compliment | Complement: verb, to complete or go well with Compliment: to praise |
| Difference between discreet and discrete | Discreet: careful and private Discrete: separate, distinct |
| Difference between disinterested and uninterested | Disinterested: impartial Uninterested: not interested |
| Difference between illicit and elicit | Illicit: adj, illegal / not allowed Elicit: verb, to draw out |
| Difference between lay and lie | Lay: to put or place (requires an object) Lie: to recline (no object) |
| Correct the phrase: peak one's interest | PIQUE one's interest |
| Correct the phrase: one in the same | One AND the same |
| Correct the phrase: I could care less | I could NOT care less |
| Correct the phrase: would of, should of, could of | Would HAVE (would've), should HAVE (should've), could HAVE (could've) |
| Correct the phrase: irregardless | REGARDLESS |
| Independent | Independent: stands alone |
| Dependent clause vs. relative | Dependent: subordinating conjunction, comma if at start of sentence Relative clause: relative pronoun, adds detail to independent, can be necessary (without commas) or unnecessary (with commas) |
| Noun clause | Functions as a noun: subject, object of prep, direct object etc |
| Appositive phrase | Renames a noun - expands or explains the preceding noun Ex. New York City, the largest city in the US, blah |
| Infinitive phrase | to + verb Do not interrupt these with any words (sometimes acceptable but don't do it) Ex. to eat NOT to deliciously eat |
| Gerund phrase | noun, verb + ing Ex. Drinking water is important |
| Noun phrase | group of words act like a noun Ex. The red car is fast. |
| Participle phrase | adjective, verb + ing |
| Prepositional Phrases: Adverbial vs. Adjectival | Adv Ex. She sat in the middle. Adj Ex. Look behind you! |
| Verb Phrase | main verb + 1 or more helping verbs / modifiers |
| Simple Sentence: | 1 independent clause, 0 dependent clauses |
| Compound Sentence: | 2 independent clauses, 0 dependent clauses Uses conjunctions or semicolons |
| Complex Sentence: | 1 independent clauses, 1+ dependent clauses |
| Compound-Complex Sentence: | 2+ independent clauses, 1+ dependent clauses |
| Modifier | A word, phrase, or clause that adds emphasis, explanation, or detail to a sentence |
| Types of modifiers | Adjectives, adjective clauses, adverbs, adverb clauses, absolute phrases, infinitive phrases, participle phrases, or prepositional phrases |
| Absolute phrase | noun + participial Sometimes begins with "with" |
| Misplaced vs. Dangling Modifiers | Misplaced: in the wrong place in the sentence. Dangling: not clearly related to the word or phrase they modify. |
| Items in a series should be parallel by... | Being the same part of speech, being in the same tense, having the same number of words, and starting with the same word or phrase |
| Active Voice | Subject (thing doing action) + Verb + Object (thing receiving action) |
| Passive Voice | subject + passive verb (to be + past participle) + optional agent |
| Change this passive sentence to active: The students are taught by the teacher | The teacher teaches the students. |
| Unclear Pronoun References usually caused by... | Multiple antecedents, vague wording, and missing antecedents Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) are common issues |
| What is wrong this pronoun reference? The coach handed each player a uniform, a pair of cleats, and a water bottle. This was required before they could join practice | "This" does not accurately refer to the uniform, the cleats, and the water bottle. "This" is singular, not plural. "This" is also not specific enough. |
| What are and when do you use style manuals? | Uniform writing style, create citations, or write for specialized discipline Ex. MLA Handbook, The Chicago Manual of Style, etc |
| What are and when do you use dictionaries? | Define a word, determine its origin, or know the part of speech Ex. The Oxford English Dictionary |
| What are and when do you use thesauruses? | Locate a more suitable synonym for a word that you want to use Ex. The Oxford-American Writer's Thesaurus |
| What are and when do you use linguistic guides? | Additional information about a language's history and how it is impacted by cultural changes Ex. Baugh's History of the English Language |
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