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HD 1130
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| _____ means the capacity for change. | Plasticity |
| In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's_____, nurture to its_____. | biological inheritance; environmental experiences |
| In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to_____, while discontinuity implies_____. | gradual change; distinct stages |
| Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize | continuity in development. |
| The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares | individuals of different ages. |
| _____ is the idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development. | Lifelong |
| According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world: | organization and adaptation. |
| _____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. | Psychoanalytic |
| During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of_____ occurs. | intimacy versus isolation |
| A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as a | cohort. |
| For each genotype, a range of_____ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability. | phenotypes |
| The longitudinal method of research consists of studying | the same individuals over a long period of time. |
| _____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. | Psychological |
| Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how_____ guide(s) cognitive development. | culture and social interaction |
| A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to | emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. |
| A complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information is called | DNA |
| Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, the environment, and | the person/cognition. |
| According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her | microsystem |
| The_____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. | exosystem |
| _____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. | Culture |
| A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by which of the following, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapse? | neurotransmitter |
| According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n)_____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations. | insecurely attached |
| Phenotypes include which characteristics? | physical; psychological |
| Which lobe is the area in the brain plays an important role in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control? | parietal |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize_____, an amino acid. | phenylalanine |
| Which view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment? | epigenetic |
| Which of the following is the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy? | No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy. |
| In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has how many chromosomes? | 23 unpaired |
| An egg is fertilized in which period of prenatal development? | germinal |
| Salma is trying to get pregnant and is visiting her doctor to understand more about pregnancy and childbirth. She asks her doctor about the duration of typical prenatal development. Which of the following would be her doctor's response? | 38 to 40 weeks |
| Which pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities? | proximodistal |
| Which of the following terms refers to the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants? | synchronous |
| These _____ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas, each of which becomes a person. | identical twins |
| According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. This is referred to as | domain-specific. |
| During the fourth week of prenatal development, the urogenital system becomes apparent, and_____ emerge. | arm and leg buds |
| A stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell is called | fertilization. |
| What are the two types of perceptual constancy? | size constancy and shape constancy |
| Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases_____ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on. | genetic variability |
| What uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures? | MRI |
| During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems is the first to develop? | the spinal cord |
| _____ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and_____ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood. | Short-term memory; long-term memory |
| Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive? | authoritarian parenting |
| According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy? | "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class." |
| The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called_____ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity. | divergent |
| _____ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms. | ADHD |
| The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as | perspective taking. |
| Advances in the_____ of the brain in middle and late childhood are linked to children's_____. | prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control |
| The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for | the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children. |
| _____ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development. | executive function |
| In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking? | This social cognitive process involves understanding others’ viewpoints, thoughts, and feelings. |
| Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of_____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length. | seriation |
| A child bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, the child is currently in the_____ reasoning level of moral thinking. | preconventional |
| Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development | cannot yet perform reversible mental actions. |
| A_____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions. | schema |
| With respect to theories of gender differences, evolutionary psychology is criticized for failing to take into account | cultural and individual variations in gender differences. |
| _____ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks. | Mindfulness |
| Why do more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? | Birth order by itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered. |
| Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because | it advances children's cognitive development. |
| The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of | primitive reasoning. |
| Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that the child, like other kids his age, has self-descriptions that are typically | unrealistically positive. |
| A girl's first menstruation is called | menarche. |
| According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of | passion, commitment, and intimacy. |
| Which of the following statements about identity and identity development is true? | Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics. |
| Identical human twins have similar weights, even when they are reared apart. This indicates | the genetic component of a person's weight. |
| A quiet and introverted person feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. She keeps mostly to herself and seldom speaks up in class ... Which of the following terms is best suited to this aspect of this person's identity? | personality |
| Two women are passionately in love with each other. They are attracted to each other ... thinking of a future together and know that they can depend on each other ... According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, they are most likely experiencing | consummate love. |
| In contrast with the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have | a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate. |
| Most of us reach our peak physical performance | before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. |
| The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes | prejudice and poverty. |
| Female friendships involve more_____ than male friendships. | self-disclosure |
| Peaking at 14 to 15 years of age,_____ executive function includes psychological processes driven by emotion, with emotion regulation an especially important process. | hot |
| Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true? | Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy. |
| The abstract quality of thinking during the_____ stage is evident in an adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability. | formal operational |
| According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood? | identity development in adolescence |
| Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood? | The increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead and make positive choices. |
| The critical-period hypothesis could explain | why sexual orientation is difficult, if not impossible, to modify. |
| According to experts, how many hours of sleep do adults require per night for optimal performance the next day? | 8 |
| Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to_____, with the majority of them involving_____. | unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents |
| _____ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and, once in a relationship, tend to distance themselves from their partner. | Avoidant |
| Research on the idea of the postformal stage of cognitive development has | been unable, thus far, to document postformal thought as a qualitatively more advanced stage than formal operational thought. |
| Which of the following is true of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood? | For adults who are 75 years and older, there is a significant loss of hearing at high and middle frequencies. |
| What is the most common change in the sleep patterns of adults during the middle age years? | There is a decrease in the deepest type of sleep. |
| Speed and accuracy of the processes involved in sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization are components of | cognitive mechanics. |
| Compared with men, women have a higher incidence of_____ in middle age. | arthritis |
| Which of the following is true of cardiovascular disease? | When HDL is high and LDL is low, the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened. |
| Which of the Big Five personality factors describes whether an individual is imaginative or practical? | openness to experience |
| _____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. | Mild cognitive impairment |
| A person is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of the eyes. This causes the person’s vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that this person is suffering from. | cataracts |
| Fluid intelligence is the ability to | reason abstractly. |
| According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood requires that men come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is one of these conflicts? | being young versus being old |
| Individuals high in_____ are more likely to have satisfying romantic relationships (Donnellan, Larsen-Reif, & Conger, 2005). | agreeableness |
| A man is in his mid-forties and has little time to exercise, as he runs a business. However, he knows that he should ... exercise as often as he can. One of the age-related conditions that he is most likely to face at his age is | joint stiffness. |
| The_____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging. | prefrontal cortex |
| Which of the following is a common way to assess speed of information processing? | reaction-time task |
| A 66-year-old recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of_____ memory. | semantic |
| The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in_____, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language. | working memory |
| Recent research indicates that adults with a high degree of conscientiousness are | more satisfied with their marriage. |
| In the context of links between aging, the brain, and cognitive functioning, which of the following statements is true of older adults? | Older adults are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain to compensate for declines in attention. |
| One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that ____ | Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences. |
| Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how_____ guide(s) cognitive development. | culture and social interaction |
| In the context of the five systems of rules involved in language, which of the following terms refers to the sound system of a language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined? | phonology |
| During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a _____ | zygote |
| When a mother punishes a two-year-old child for seeking independence by trying to pour milk or answer the phone, Erikson would say that the child is likely to develop a sense of _____ | shame and doubt. |
| When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called ______ | equilibration |
| _____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. | Psychoanalytic |
| The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the _____ | endoderm |
| Which view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment? | epigenetic view |
| During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems is the first to develop? | the spinal cord |
| A fall from the changing table resulted in damage to the temporal lobe of a baby's brain. Her doctor told her parents that this would most likely affect her _____ | memory |
| Which of the following is the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy? | No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy. |
| Sergio's mental age is 8, but his chronological age is 9. Sergio's IQ _____ | is less than 100. |
| According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the _____ | superego |
| What are the primary emotions? | happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust |
| Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa? | a distorted image of body shape |
| The process of organ development during the first two months of prenatal development is known as _____ | organogenesis. |
| Which term refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells? | myelination |
| Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that this child has developed a sense of ______ | object permanence. |
| According to Erikson, a parent who responds to a child’s needs consistently and in a timely way is said to be helping the child to develop a sense of ____ | trust |
| Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize _____ | continuity in development. |
| Cells moving outward from their original point to their appropriate locations and creating different levels, structures, and regions of the brain is called _____ | neuronal migration. |
| According to Jerome Kagan, children with _______ temperament at age 2 to 3 later showed social phobia symptoms at 7 years of age? | inhibited |
| Lisa is a clinical psychologist who decides to conduct a study ... According to the scientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow? | conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions |
| 3-year-old Olivia loves to play with her toy train. She names it Max. One day, she spills milk on the floor. The girl tells her mother that Max spilled the milk. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates | animism |
| In assessing the health of newborns, the_____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. | Apgar Scale |
| Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the_____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs. | Moro |
| Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces. Juan cries and says that it is not fair that his sister got more cookies than he did. Juan is showing a lack of _____ | conservation |
| Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy. | Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span. |
| Bruce Chan, a 57-year-old accountant, enrolls in a creative writing course. Bruce performs well in the course despite having not done creative writing for over 25 years. This scenario most likely illustrates Paul Baltes' view that development is ____ | plastic |
| From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the_____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible. | hippocampus |
| During ____ process, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell. | meiosis |
| Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires the child to use memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. This type of memory is referred to as_____ memory. | implicit |
| The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the_____ effect. | Flynn |
| According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. This is referred to as _____ | domain-specific |
| Which motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking? | gross motor skills |
| During preschool, Mia's teacher says, "Please get your scissors, glue, and paper, then return to your seat." Mia keeps these instructions in mind while completing the task using her __________ memory. | working |
| Before starting, she remembers the classroom code "427" for a few seconds while entering it into a tablet, relying on (2) __________ memory. | short-term |
| Mia ignores classmates who are laughing loudly and continues working carefully on her own project, demonstrating, demonstrating (3) __________ attention. | selective |
| When the teacher points to a butterfly outside the window and Mia follows the teacher's gaze to look at it, they are engaging in (4) __________ attention. | joint |
| Later that evening, Mia excitedly tells her parents about the first butterfly she saw at school and how happy she felt. This personal event is an example of (5) __________ memory, which is stored as part of her (6) __________ memory. | autobiographical; long-term |
| Level 1: (1)______ reasoning, i.e., the individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment | preconventional |
| Level 2: (2)______ reasoning, i.e., the individual abides by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society | conventional |
| Level 3: (3)______ reasoning, i.e., the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code | postconventional |
| Despite its contribution, Kohlberg's theory has received criticism on its (4)_____ bias, (5)_____ bias, and lack of emphasis on (6)______. | gender; cultural; moral behavior |
| Noah's mother is warm and responsive, but rarely sets rules and avoids disciplining him. Noah becomes upset when she leaves, clings to her when she returns, and has difficulty calming down. Noah is most likely showing a __________ attachment style | anxious resistant/ambivalent |
| Noah's mother is warm and responsive, but rarely sets rules and avoids disciplining him. Noah becomes upset when she leaves, clings to her when she returns, and has difficulty calming down. Noah's mother best reflects a (2) __________ parenting style. | permissive/indulgent |
| Noah assumes that another child, Kim, who was not present, also knows where the toy is hidden. This difficulty in understanding that others may have beliefs or knowledge different from his own reflects a lack of (3) __________, | theory of mind |
| Noah also begins to form ideas about what boys and girls are expected to do or should not do. Researchers refer to this understanding as (4) __________. | gender schema |
| During free play a 16-month-old child enjoys repeatedly exploring how objects behave, such as dropping a spoon from different heights and watching it fall. This behavior is most consistent with the (5) __________ substage of the sensorimotor stage. | tertiary |
| Noah's teacher decides to support Noah’s learning by using (6) __________, which involves adjusting the level of assistance provided based on the child's current performance. | scaffolding |
| The _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by repeating a bodily sensation first experienced by chance. | primary circular reactions |
| The _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by object-oriented actions and repetition due to consequences. | secondary circular reactions |
| The _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by goal-oriented coordination of vision, touch, hand and eye movements. | coordination of secondary circular reactions |
| The ______ substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by purposeful exploration and curiosity. | tertiary circular reactions |
| The ______ substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by the ability to use primitive symbols and a shift to mental manipulation. | Internalization of schemes |
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