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Chapter 4 Psych
For Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stream of consciousness | Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings |
| metacognition | processes by which we think about thinking |
| consciousness | An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences. |
| consciousness in terms of its two parts | awareness and arousal |
| Awareness | includes awareness of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences |
| Arousal | the physiological state of being engaged with the environment |
| global brain workspace model | suggests that the feeling of subjective awareness is associated with many parts of the brain working in synchrony, associated with the anterior brain |
| integrated information theory | suggests that, in searching for clues about where and how consciousness happens in the brain, we should start with the person’s subjective experience of consciousness, itself, associated with the posterior brain |
| reticular activation system | A network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that determine arousal, one aspect of consciousness. |
| theory of mind | Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences. |
| false belief task | one kind is the story of a child putting chocolate in a blue cabinet and their mom placing it in a different cabinet. A child's ability to know the child wouldn't know to look in the different cabinet is the task. |
| Higher-Level Consciousness | Involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness |
| Lower-Level Consciousness | Includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming |
| Altered States of Consciousness | Can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation |
| Subconscious Awareness | Can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming |
| No Awareness | Freud’s belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them |
| controlled processes | The most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal |
| executive function | Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving. |
| automatic processes | States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. |
| daydreaming | lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep |
| default mode network | mind wandering is related to the activity of a broad set of regions in the brain, these are called the default mode network |
| Altered states of consciousness or awareness | mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness. Altered states of consciousness can range from losing one’s sense of self-consciousness to hallucinating |
| Incubation | refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem |
| unconscious thought | According to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness. |
| sleep | A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness. |
| biological rhythms | Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated/decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior |
| circadian rhythms | Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body’s way of monitoring the change from day to night. |
| REM sleep | A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement when most vivid dreams occur. |
| social jet lag | Having one’s weekday and weekend sleep schedules drastically at odds |
| insomnia | inability to sleep |
| Somnambulism | sleepwalking |
| somniloquy | sleep talking |
| manifest content | According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning |
| latent content | According to Freud, a dream’s hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning |
| cognitive theory of dreaming | Theory proposing that one can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts used in studying the waking mind |
| activation-synthesis theory | Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep |
| psychoactive drugs | Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change moods |
| tolerance | The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect |
| physical dependence | The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued |
| psychological dependence | The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress |
| addiction | A physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug. |
| substance use disorder | A psychological disorder in which a person’s use of psychoactive drugs (such as alcohol or opiates) affects their health, ability to work, and engage in social relationships. |
| Ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens | but these areas of the brain are vital to the experience of pleasure |
| depressants | Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity |
| Alcohol | Alcohol consumption affects areas of the frontal cortex involved in judgment and impulse control |
| alcoholism | Disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker’s health and social relationships |
| barbiturates | Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity |
| tranquilizers | Depressant drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation |
| opioids | Drugs that act on the brain’s endorphin receptors. These include opium and opiates as well as chemicals that have been created to mimic the activity of opium. These narcotics depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain. |
| stimulants | Psychoactive drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, that increase the central nervous system’s activity |
| Amphetamines | Amphetamines, or “uppers,” are stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight |
| Nicotine | Nicotine stimulates the brain’s reward centers by raising dopamine levels. Behavioral effects of nicotine include improved attention and alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, and pain relief. Totally destroys your body though. |
| Cocaine | |
| MDMA (Ecstasy) | synthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Leads to feelings of warmth, pleasure, and alertness. It depletes the brain of this important neurotransmitter, producing lingering feelings of listlessness that often continue for days after |
| hallucinogens | Psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real |
| Marijuana | Unlike other psychoactive drugs, THC does not affect a specific neurotransmitter. Rather, marijuana disrupts the membranes of neurons and affects the functioning of a variety of neurotransmitters and hormones. |
| LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) | a hallucinogen that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes. Objects change their shapes and glow. Colors become kaleidoscopic and astonishing images unfold. LSD-induced images are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque |
| hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions |
| divided consciousness view of hypnosis | Hilgard’s view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one following the hypnotist’s commands and the other acting as a “hidden observer.” |
| social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis | The perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way they believe that a hypnotized person should behave. |
| The divided consciousness theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that | hypnotized people can be aware of pain sensation without experiencing emotional distress |
| Hypnosis treatments tend to work best when they are accompanied by | psychotherapy |
| meditation | The attainment of a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry; the meditator is mindfully present to their thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them. |
| Focused attention | means bringing one’s awareness to one’s inner life and attending to one’s thoughts. It means being psychologically present as one thinks |
| Open monitoring | refers to the capacity to observe one’s thoughts as they happen without getting preoccupied by them; that is, through open monitoring, the person is able to reflect without becoming attached to a particular thought or idea. |
| mindfulness meditation | Focusing on what's in your mind |
| lovingkindness meditation | The goal of this meditative practice is the development of loving acceptance of oneself and others |
| hypnagogic reverie | an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out |
| Beta waves | reflect concentration and alertness, desynchronous than other waves, meaning they do not form a very consistent pattern. |
| Stage W, and waves | "Wake." Beta and Alpha waves |
| alpha waves | synchronous, or regular. These waves, associated with relaxation or drowsiness |
| Stage N1 (non-REM1) sleep | first stage of non-REM sleep. The “N” stands for “non-REM.” May experience sudden muscle movements called myoclonic jerks. theta waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves. |
| Theta Waves | even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves. In Stage N1 and N2, and Stage R |
| Stage N2 (non-REm2) sleep | muscle activity decreases, and the person is no longer consciously aware of the environment. Theta waves continue but are interspersed with sleep spindles. Sleep spindles are brief high-frequency bursts of neurons firing simultaneously |
| Sleep spindles | high-frequency bursts of neurons firing simultaneously |
| Stage N3 (non-rem3) sleep | delta waves, the slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves during sleep. Delta sleep is our deepest sleep, the time when our brain waves are least like our brain waves while we are awake. Delta sleep is also called slow-wave sleep. |
| delta waves | the slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves during sleep. Occur in Stage N3 |
| Stage r (REM) Sleep | REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. The EEG pattern for REM sleep shows fast waves similar to those of relaxed wakefulness, and the sleeper’s eyeballs move up and down and from left to right. Theta waves in the hippocampus, which are normally for being awake. |
Created by:
JoshuaB5