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Chapter 6 Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Congenital abnormalities | Birth defects |
| Teratogen & Genetics | Causes birth defects |
| Most common teratogens | Infectious diseases, Physical agents and maternal issues such as diabetes |
| Physical agents | Radiation, drugs and chemicals |
| Acyanotic defects | No mixing of poorly oxygenated blood with blood reentering systemic circulation |
| Cyanotic defects | Mixing of poorly oxygenated blood with blood reentering systemic circulation |
| Ventricular septal defect | Abnormal opening between the wall or septum of the right and left ventricles |
| Most commonly occurring congenital heart defect. | Ventricular septal defect |
| Ventricular septal defect makes | Blood from the left ventricle flows back into the right ventricle causing too much blood to be pumped to the lungs |
| Trisomy 21 | Down syndrome |
| Atrial septal defect | Abnormal opening between the right and left atria |
| What determines the severity of Atrial septal defect | the size and location of the opening |
| Atrial septal defect makes | Oxygen rich blood leaks back to the right atria and is then pumped back into the lungs |
| Coarctation of the aorta | Malformation in a portion of the aorta wall that cause narrowing of the aortal opening or lumen |
| Cyanotic defect | Tetralogy of fallot, Transposition of great arteries, Tricuspid atresia |
| VSD | Loud early systolic murmur, rapid brea |
| PDA | Machinery murmur usually associated with an abnormal tremor |
| Claudication | Lameness |
| Epistaxis | Nosebleed |
| Tricuspid Atresia | No Tricuspid valve |
| Tricuspid Atresia has | No blood flow from the right atrium to the right venticle |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes |
| Tetralogy of Fallot Symptoms | exhibit other signs of poor oxygenation, such as increasing dyspnea on exertion, diminished exercise tolerance. |
| Tetralogy of Fallot can cause | delayed physical growth and development |
| Cleft lip and palate: | Defective closure of the soft or hard palates |
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | Abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea |
| Esophageal atresia | Esophagus not completely formed |
| Pyloric Stenosis | Narrowing of the pylorus |
| Malrotation with volvulus | Malformation of intestines during 10th week of pregnancy |
| Hirschsprung disease | Obstruction and dilation of the colon with feces |
| Omphalocele | Intestines or other organs poke through the navel when abdominal wall fails to close |
| Undescended tests (cryptorchidism): | Testes do not descend into the scrotum from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| To measure the hormone for testes | Serum gonadotropin |
| Four stages of talipes(Clubfoot) | Varus, Valgus, Equinus, Calcaneus |
| Talipes Varus | inversion or inward bending of the foot |
| Talipes Valgus | Eversion or outward bending of the foot |
| Talipes Equinus | Plantar flexion, toes are lower that the heel |
| Talipes Calcaneus | Dorsiflexion, toes are higher than the heel |
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