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Exam revision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biopsychosocial Model | Is an approach to describing how the complex interaction between and individuals biology, psychology and social environment influences their physical and mental health. |
| Biology | Chemical imbalances, brain damage/structure |
| Psychology | Personality, thoughts/cognitions, behaviours |
| Social | Financial situation, work, family/friends |
| Memory stages | Encoding, Storage, Retrieval |
| Cognition | Extremely complex mental process involved with memory |
| Encoding | Process of converting info into a form that can be retained in memory |
| Automatic Encoding | Occurs automatically without conscious effort |
| Effortful Encoding | Involves considerable concentration |
| Storage | Process of retaining info so it can be used at a later time |
| Retrieval | Recovering info from cues, or prompts E.g. Fill in the black activities |
| Recognition | Identifying info E.g. identifying the answer you perceive to be correct in multiple choice |
| Sensory Memory | Temporary stage of info last for approximately one quarter of a second, in raw form, not within our conscious awareness. Subsystems called sensory registers for all 5 senses (Sight, Sound, Taste, Smell, Touch) |
| Acoustic Encoding | Primarily short-term memory |
| Semantic encoding | Primarily long-term memory |
| STM Capacity | The average person can hold around 5-9 digits (7 plus minus 2) in their STM |
| Chunking | Groups info so that it can be held as single units E.g. remembering a phone number |
| Rehearsal | Constant conscious repetition of info |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Involves repeating info over and over, without attaching meaning |
| Elaborative rehearsal | Method to more effectively encode into long-term memory by requiring the brain to process it in a more in-depth way E.g. Associating a word with an image or re-writing notes in own words |
| Retrieval Failure | Failure to use appropriate retrieval cues to recall info rather than it being lost |
| Retrieval cues | Are a prompt, clue or signal that assists the process of locating and recovering info stored in memory |
| Interference Theory | Forgetting because of competition from similar info |
| Retroactive interference | New info interferes with recalling old info |
| Proactive interference | Old info interferes with recalling new info |
| Motivated forgetting | Conscious avoiding or suppression of memories that make us feel anxious or traumatised |
| Alzheimer's disease | Progressive degeneration of brain neurons effect 1 in 8 over 65 and 1 in 4 over 80. Can affect personality |
| Amnesia | Partial or complete loss of memory, can be temporary or permanent |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss of memory for experiences after the event, prior memories remain |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory for experiences before the event, loss of recent personal experiences are common |
| The serial Position Effect | Tendency to remember the words at the beginning and end of a list more clearly then the ones in the middle. |
| Primacy Effect | Recall of words at the beginning of the list |
| Regency Effect | Recall of words at the end of the list |
| Emotion | The reaction one has to an event or situation, triggered by internal and external factors |
| Physiological Responses | Are the changes in our bodies that occur when we experience an emotion - Associated with emotion occurs within the autonomic nervous system E.g Rapid heart rate |
| Fight or Flight response | is an innate, automatic response that prepares the body to fight a sudden threat or flight leave from an incoming attack |
| Subjective feelings | How emotions are expressed varies from one person to another, effected by a person's experiences, beliefs and attitudes towards a situation |
| Emotions | There are 5-9 basic emotions (Anger, Fear, sadness, Happiness, Surprise and Disgust) innate and constant across cultures. They are difficult to regulate |
| Negative emotions | More powerful effects then positive emotions |
| Hippocampus | Memories of personal ec[eriences and regulation of emotion |
| Amygdala | Fear centre of the brain. Determines what the 'fight or flight' response responds to |
| Thalamus | Regulates emotions, sleep, memory, and other sensory processes - converts to physiological reactions, responds to input from the Amygdala, causing secretion of adrenaline |
| James-Lange Theory | The physiological response to an environmental stimuli which activates our emotional state |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion |
| Two-Factor Theory | The schachter-singer theory is that to experience emotions onc must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal, change our emotions by changing our thinking |
| Theories of emotion | James-Lange Theory - activates Cannon-Bard Theory - simultaneously Schachter's two factor theory - autonomic arousal, cognitive interpretation |
| The Nervous System | Receives and processes information, relaying it to parts of the body and coordinates a response with muscles, glands and other organs |
| External Info | Received by sensory cells such as eyes, ears, tongue |
| CNS | Network of Neurons that make up the brain and spinal cord |
| The Brain | Extremely complex cluster of neurons, processes info from nerves and relays it through the body |
| Spinal Cord | Long column of nerve tissue, extends from the base of the brain. Sends sensory info from the PNS to the brain and motor info to the PNS so an action can happen |
| Spinal Reflex | Nerves in the spine can active simple actions without communication with the brain, the reflexes are adaptive so potentially happen in dangerous situations |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Network of neurons that communicates info between the sense organs, muscles and glands and the CNS |
| Somatic Nervous System | Network of neurons responsible for communicating with sensory receptors and transmitting their info to the CNS then to muscles responsible for movement of bones (Skeletal Muscles) (Voluntary Movement) |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Connects the CNS with the body's internal organs and glands which operates automatically -self-regulating |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Involved in arousing the body in response to threat |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Conserves and protects bodily functions maintaining homeostasis, counterbalances sympathetic nervous system, after danger |
| Neurotransmitters | The neural impulse reaches the axon terminal, the synaptic knob releases neurotransmitters a chemical substance |
| Excitatory Effect | Stimulates and activates a neural impulse in another neuron |
| Inhibitory Effect | Blocks and prevents postsynaptic neuron from activating |
| Acetylcholine | Signal both skeletal and smooth muscle movment |
| Norepinephrine | Physiological arousal, wakefulness, learning |
| Dopamine | Regulation of emotions, specifically pleasure and reward |
| Serotonin | Involved with mood and sleep, also regulates perception, agressions and impulsiveness |
| Endorphins | Relieve pain, creates a sense of euphoria (intense happiness) can be from exercise |
| Left Hemisphere | Verbal, Analytical processes, arguing, goal setting, organisation |
| Righ Hemisphere | Non-verbal, spatial and visual thinking, creativity, emotional recognition |
| Frontal Lobe | Contains primary motor cortex involved in voluntary movement E.g. scratching your nose. Contains the Broca's area allows for clear and fluent speech. Involved in attention, personality, control of emotions and expressive behavior |
| Parietal Lobe | Contains primary somatosensory cortex, processes somatosensory info like temp and touch from receptors in the skin |
| Occipital Lobe | Contains primary visual cortex receives visual info from eyes allowing for perception of colour, shape and motion |
| Temporal Lobe | Contains primary auditory cortex, involved in hearing, language, comprehension and face recognition |
| Cerebellum | Involved in coordination of movements ensuring they occur smoothly |
| Brain Stem | Regulates the involuntary vital bodily functions E.g. heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing |
| Stigma | Problems of knowledge - Ignorance or misinformation Problems of attitudes - Prejudice Problems of behaviours - Discrimination |
| Psychological Treatments | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSIR) | Block the reabsorption of allowing more serotonin to continue passing messages to neighbouring neurons |
| Benzodiapines | Increase the calming effect on the GABA neurotransmitters in the brain, creating a sedated effect, highly addictive, prescribed for short durations |
| Independent Variable | Deliberately changed |
| Dependent Variable | Factor being measured |
| Constant Variable | Should remain the same |
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