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Histology
Blood
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Function of Blood | Blood cells provide defense mechanisms and transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, antibodies, various chemicals, ions, and other substances in the plasma to and from different cells in the body |
| Three major cell types of blood | erythrocytes , leukocytes , and platelets (thrombocytes) |
| Plasma Composition | Water, ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, and gases |
| Buffy Coat Percentage | 1% or less |
| Plasma Percentage | 55% |
| RBC percentage | 44% |
| Buffy Coat Composition | Platelets & WBC |
| RBC Composition | Erythrocytes |
| Another name for platelet | Thrombocyte |
| Sedimented blood | separates into the plasma, buffy coat, and RBC portions |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of erythrocytes in the blood |
| (T/F) Values of hematocrit vary and are dependent on age, sex and state of condition | True |
| (T/F) Altitude cannot affect the hematocrit | False |
| (T/F) Body compensates for loss of RBC by making more erythrocytes | True |
| (T/F) More erythrocytes in the blood can carry more oxygen to the tissues | True |
| Mammalian erythrocytes shape | biconcave disc with central pallor (narrow center) |
| Animals with oval shaped erythrocytes | camels, llamas, alpacas |
| Animals with erythrocytes with oval shape and nucleus | amphibians, reptiles and birds |
| Hemoglobin coloration | Red-pigmented protein causing bright red color of arterial blood |
| Hemoglobin Fxn | Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Hemoglobin Composition | 4 connected protein molecules (globulin chains) |
| (T/F) Adult hemoglobin molecule has two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains | True |
| (T/F) Abnormal hemoglobin cannot disrupt the shape of red blood cells | False |
| (T/F) Abnormal hemoglobin cannot impede the function and flow of blood through blood vessels | False |
| Types of Anemia | Iron deficiency, Aplastic anemia, & Pernicious anemia |
| Causes of Iron deficiency | chronic ulcers & heavy menstrual flow |
| Aplastic anemia | Defective bone marrow |
| Pernicious anemia | Failure to absorb vitamin B12 |
| Sickle Cell anemia | Irregularly shaped cells that do not flow efficiently through blood vessels |
| Thalassemia | Absent or faulty globin chain in Hemoglobin (Hb) and RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb |
| Description of Blood | sticky and opaque fluid with a color that varies from scarlet to dark red. The pH of blood is • is |
| pH of the blood | 7.35–7.45 |
| Temperature of the blood | 38 degrees Celsius |
| Blood Percentage of Bodyweight | 8% of body weight |
| Average blood volume (males) | 5–6 L |
| Average blood volume (females) | 4–5 L |
| Primary Components of Plasma | Serum and Plasma proteins |
| Serum | remaining fluid after removal of proteins |
| % of Water in total volume of plasma | 92% |
| (T/F) Water does not facilitates the transport of materials | False |
| % of Plasma proteins in total volume of plasma | 7% |
| Plasma proteins | Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, and Regulatory proteins |
| (T/F) Plasma contains nonprotein nitrogenous substances, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases and hormones | True |
| Formed Elements in Blood | Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets |
| Erythrocyte percentage of formed elements | greater than 99% |
| Leukocyte percentage of formed elements | less than 0.1% |
| Platelet percentage of formed elements | less than 1% |
| Erythrocyte Function | transport respiratory gases in the blood |
| Leukocyte Function | defending protection |
| Platelet Function | prevent blood lost (clotting) |
| Species with longest RBC lifespan | Cow |
| Species with shortest RBC lifespan | Bird |
| Hemopoiesis | the continuous biological process by which the body produces new blood cells to replace old ones |
| (T/F) Hemopoiesis occurs in different organs of the body, depending on stage of development | True |
| (T/F) Hemopoiesis in the embryo is initially in the yolk sac and later in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes | True |
| (T/F) After birth, hemopoiesis does not continues in red marrow of different bones | False |
| (T/F) Red marrow does not contain loose arrangements of fine reticular fibers | False |
| Primary location of red marrow in adults | primarily in the flat bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvic bones |
| Replacement of marrow in the long bone with advanced age | replaced by fat |
| (T/F) hemopoietic function is not lost with advanced age | False |
| Neutrophils | Pale granules, Phagocytize pathogens-bacteria, Chemicals that target pathogens, multilobed nuclei, First line of defense. |
| (T/F) Neutrophils have the occasional Barr body in females that looks like a small drumstick projecting from nucleus | True |
| Life Span of Neutrophils | Approximately 5 days |
| (T/F) Neutrophil Lifespan does not increase during bacterial infections | False |
| Types of Granulocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophil |
| Neutrophil percentage of granulocytes | 60-70% |
| Eosinophil percentage of granulocytes | 2-4% |
| Eosinophils | Red granules, Bilobate nuclei; granules (red) vary among species, Release chemicals to fight parasitic worms egTrichomonis, and Phagocytize allergens, Ag-Ab complexes |
| Agranulocytes | Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| Three types of Lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes (T-cells), B-lymphocytes (B-cells), and Natural killer cells (NK cells) |
| T-lymphocytes (T-cells) | Cell immediated immune response; some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells |
| B-lymphocytes (B-cells) | Humoral/ antibody immune response, Small (6-9 micrometers) and large (9-15 micrometers) |
| Natural killer cells (NK cells) | attack abnormal and infected tissue cells |
| (T/F) Monocytes are the Largest blood leukocyte | True |
| (T/F) Monocytes are not agranular | False |
| (T/F) Monocytes are 12-18 micrometers in diameter | True |
| (T/F) The monocyte Nucleus is large and kidney shape | True |
| (T/F) The cytoplasm of monocytes won't show vacuoles in activated cells | False |
| Origin of Macrophages | Monocytes emigrate to connective tissue and differentiate into macrophages |
| Elements Macrophages phagocytize | bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris |
| Coagulation | A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel |
| Lymphocyte percentage of agranulocytes | 20-25% |
| (T/F) Platelets (thrombocytes) are blood cells | False |
| (T/F) Platelets (thrombocytes) are small nonnucleated formed elements | True |
| (T/F) Platelets (thrombocytes) are not cytoplasmic fragments or remnants of megakaryocytes | False |
| (T/F) Platelets (thrombocytes) are produced when small, uneven portions of the cytoplasm separate or when fragment from the peripheries of the megakaryocytes and are extruded into the bloodstream | True |
| (T/F) Platelets (thrombocytes) do not perform their major functions within the blood vessels | False |
| Platelets Main function | monitor the vascular system and to detect any damage to the endothelial lining of the vessels |
| (T/F) When endothelial lining breaks, platelets adhere to the damaged site to form clot | True |
Created by:
satya.benoit