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Physics 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength? | Radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays |
| What is the visible light range and which colors are at each end? | 400 nm to 700 nm. Violet has the shortest wavelength (400 nm) and red has the longest (700 nm). |
| What are electromagnetic waves and what is their speed in a vacuum? | Transverse waves made of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. Speed = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. |
| What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength? | They are inversely related. c = fλ |
| What happens when light passes from one medium to another? | Refraction (direction change), reflection (bouncing back), and absorption (energy taken in by material) |
| State the Law of Reflection. | The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, both measured from the normal line (a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact). |
| What is the index of refraction (n)? | A dimensionless quantity describing how much light slows down in a medium compared to its speed in a vacuum. n = c/v |
| State Snell's Law and give its equation. | The relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction depends on the indices of refraction of the two media. n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ |
| If light goes from a lower to a higher index of refraction (n₁ < n₂), what happens? | Light slows down and bends toward the normal (θ₁ > θ₂) |
| If light goes from a higher to a lower index of refraction (n₁ > n₂), what happens? | Light speeds up and bends away from the normal (θ₁ < θ₂) |
| What is the critical angle? | The largest angle of incidence at which refraction can still occur. At this angle, the refracted ray travels along the interface (θ₂ = 90°). sinθc = n₂/n₁ |
| What is total internal reflection and what are its two requirements? | When light is completely reflected back into the original medium without any refraction. Requirements: n₁ > n₂, and the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle (θ₁ > θc). |
| What are the sign conventions for image distance (di)? | Positive = real image, formed on the opposite side of the lens from the object. Negative = virtual image, formed on the same side as the object. |
| What does magnification sign and absolute value tell you? | Positive M = upright image; Negative M = inverted image. |M| > 1 = larger than object; |M| < 1 = smaller; |M| = 1 = same size. |
| What is the mnemonic for real vs. virtual images? | IR = Inverted, Real. UV = Upright, Virtual. |
| What type of image does a diverging lens always produce? | Always virtual, upright, and smaller than the object. Focal length is always negative. |
| What are examples of converging lenses? | Projectors, magnifying glass, glasses for farsightedness. Focal length is positive. |
| When does a converging lens produce a real vs. virtual image? | Object outside focal length → real, inverted image on opposite side. Object inside focal length → virtual, upright, enlarged image on same side as object. |
| What are the image characteristics of a plane mirror? | Always upright, virtual, same size as the object, and object distance equals image distance. |
| For mirrors, how is virtual vs. real defined (opposite of lenses)? | Virtual = image formed behind the mirror. Real = image formed in front of the mirror (same side as the object). |
| What are key terms for spherical mirrors? | Principal axis (line through center of mirror); Center of curvature (C or 2F); Radius of curvature (R, distance from mirror to C); Focal point (F, halfway between mirror and C); Focal length (f = R/2) |
| Which mirrors/lenses have positive vs. negative focal lengths? | Positive: concave mirrors and converging lenses. Negative: convex mirrors and diverging lenses. |
| What type of image does a convex mirror always produce? | Always virtual, upright, and reduced (smaller), located behind the mirror — regardless of object location. |
| Object beyond 2F (center of curvature) in a concave mirror — what image forms? | Real, inverted, reduced, located between 2F and F |
| Object at 2F in a concave mirror — what image forms? | Real, inverted, same size, located at 2F |
| Object between 2F and F in a concave mirror — what image forms? | Real, inverted, enlarged, located beyond 2F |
| Object at the focal point F in a concave mirror — what image forms? | No image forms; reflected rays travel parallel and never converge. |
| Object in front of focal point (between F and mirror) in a concave mirror — what image forms? | Upright, virtual, enlarged, located behind the mirror |
| For a concave mirror / converging lens with object outside focal length (do > f), what are the signs of di and M? | di = positive (real); M = negative (inverted) |
| For a concave mirror / converging lens with object inside focal length (do < f), what are the signs of di and M? | di = negative (virtual); M = positive (upright) |
| For a convex mirror / diverging lens, what are the signs of di and M always? | di always negative (virtual); M always positive (upright) |
| Object beyond 2F in a converging lens — what image forms? | Real, inverted, reduced, located between F and 2F on the opposite side |
| Object at 2F in a converging lens — what image forms? | Real, inverted, same size, located at 2F on the opposite side |
| Object between 2F and F in a converging lens — what image forms? | Real, inverted, enlarged, located beyond 2F on the opposite side |
| Object at the focal point F in a converging lens — what image forms? | No image forms; refracted rays travel parallel and never converge |
| Object inside the focal length (between F and lens) in a converging lens — what image forms? | Upright, virtual, enlarged, located on the same side as the object |
| Object at ANY position in a diverging lens — what image forms? | Always virtual, upright, and reduced (smaller than the object), located on the same side as the object between F and the lens. No exceptions. |
| Object at ANY position in a convex mirror — what image forms? | Always virtual, upright, reduced, located behind the mirror |
Created by:
smurtab