Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
reci
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive tract flow in dog | Oral cavity -> pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus. |
| Respiratory tract flow in dog | Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> lungs. |
| Main idea of digestive tract flow | Food path for ingestion, digestion, absorption, feces formation, and defecation. |
| Main idea of respiratory tract flow | Air path for respiration or gas exchange, phonation, and olfaction. |
| Splanchnology | Study of visceral organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems. |
| Digestive system definition | Parts responsible for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste as feces. |
| Digestive apparatus in Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog | Oral cavity, pharynx, alimentary canal, and accessory organs. |
| Three main components of digestive system in lecture | Digestive tract or alimentary canal, digestive glands, and accessory digestive structures. |
| Digestive tract or alimentary canal included structures | Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. |
| Digestive tract or alimentary canal function | Pathway of ingesta or food. |
| Digestive glands included structures | Salivary glands, liver with gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Digestive glands function | Secrete saliva, bile, pancreatic juice, and hormones. |
| Accessory digestive structures | Teeth, tongue, cheeks, lips, palate, and in book context salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. |
| Accessory digestive structures function | Mechanical processing and support of digestion. |
| Oral cavity | First segment of the digestive tract. |
| Oral cavity dorsal boundary | Hard palate, soft palate, and upper teeth. |
| Oral cavity lateral boundary | Cheeks. |
| Oral cavity ventral boundary | Lower teeth, tongue, and floor of mouth. |
| Oral cavity rostral boundary | Lips. |
| Oral cavity caudal boundary | Oropharynx or isthmus of fauces. |
| Main job of oral cavity | Receives food, begins mechanical breakdown using teeth and tongue, and mixes food with saliva. |
| Two divisions of oral cavity in book guide | Vestibule and oral cavity proper. |
| Vestibule of oral cavity | Space outside teeth and gums but inside lips and cheeks. |
| Pharynx | Musculomembranous passage common to digestive and respiratory systems. |
| Pharynx connection | Connects oral and nasal cavities rostrally to esophagus and larynx caudally. |
| Three parts or apertures of pharynx | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. |
| Nasopharynx opens to | Nasal cavity. |
| Oropharynx opens to | Oral cavity. |
| Laryngopharynx leads to | Larynx and esophagus. |
| Pharynx function keyword | Common passageway for food, water, and air. |
| Esophagus | Long muscular tube from pharynx to stomach; passageway for bolus. |
| Bolus | Ingesta or food mass passing along the esophagus. |
| Possible pH of bolus | Slightly acidic or slightly alkaline. |
| Segments of esophagus | Cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. |
| Incorrect esophageal segment to avoid | Lumbar esophagus. |
| When thoracic esophagus becomes abdominal esophagus | After passing through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. |
| Esophagus layers from inside to outside | Tunica mucosa -> submucosa -> muscularis -> adventitia. |
| Outer layer of esophagus | Adventitia. |
| Adventitia | Thicker connective tissue compared with serosa. |
| Stomach | Muscular sac or bag that temporarily stores chyme. |
| Chyme | Ingesta inside the stomach after bolus mixes with gastric juice; strongly acidic due to hydrochloric acid. |
| Four parts or regions of stomach | Cardia -> fundus -> body -> pylorus. |
| Cardiac sphincter location | Between esophagus and cardia. |
| Pyloric sphincter location | Between pylorus and duodenum. |
| Main function of stomach sphincters | Prevent backflow of ingesta. |
| Stomach layers from inside to outside | Mucosa -> submucosa -> muscularis -> serosa. |
| Outer layer of stomach and intestines | Tunica serosa. |
| Serosa | Thinner serous connective tissue covering compared with adventitia. |
| Gastric glands especially found in | Fundic region. |
| Chief cells of gastric glands secrete | Pepsinogen. |
| Parietal cells of gastric glands secrete | Hydrochloric acid or HCl. |
| Pepsinogen becomes | Pepsin. |
| Gastric juice includes | Pepsin and hydrochloric acid. |
| Parietal surface of stomach | Convex surface facing the abdominal wall or diaphragm side. |
| Visceral surface of stomach | Surface facing other internal organs. |
| Curvatures of stomach | Greater curvature and lesser curvature. |
| Extremities of stomach | Left extremity and right extremity. |
| Stomach entrance | Cardia. |
| Stomach exit | Pylorus. |
| Small intestine segments | Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. |
| Why small intestine is called small | Because of smaller diameter, not because of length. |
| Small intestine length compared with large intestine | Small intestine is longer than large intestine. |
| Duodenum | First and most fixed segment of the small intestine; starts at pylorus. |
| Important ducts that empty into duodenum | Bile duct and pancreatic duct. |
| Duodenum function keyword | Receives bile and pancreatic juice. |
| Jejunum | Longest and most movable or mesenteric portion of the small intestine. |
| Jejunum function keyword | Most absorptive segment. |
| Ileum | Terminal or last segment of the small intestine. |
| Important lymphoid structure in ileum | Peyer’s patches. |
| Ileum function keyword | Intestinal defense against microorganisms. |
| Peyer’s patches | Lymphoid nodules in the ileum that help intestinal defense against microorganisms. |
| Fixed or non-movable portion of small intestine | Duodenum. |
| Movable or mesenteric portions of small intestine | Jejunum and ileum. |
| Large intestine segments | Cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. |
| Cecum | Counterpart of human appendix; may serve as fermentation site in hindgut fermenters such as horse and rabbit. |
| Cecum function keyword | Fermentation in some animals. |
| Colon | Longest segment of large intestine in the lecture; main site of water and electrolyte reabsorption. |
| Colon function | Forms more solid feces by water and electrolyte reabsorption. |
| Normal colon transit time mentioned in lecture | About 12 hours. |
| Rectum | Terminal or last segment of large intestine; temporary storage of feces before defecation. |
| Rectum function keyword | Fecal storage. |
| Anus | Terminal segment or opening of the alimentary canal. |
| Anal sphincters | Internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter. |
| Function of anus | Controls fecal elimination. |
| Diarrhea mechanism | Transit time becomes too fast, so water and electrolytes are not reabsorbed well, producing watery feces. |
| Constipation mechanism | Transit time becomes too slow, so too much water is reabsorbed, producing hard feces. |
| Defecation | Act of expelling feces or waste products. |
| Major salivary glands in dog | Parotid, mandibular or submandibular, sublingual, and zygomatic or orbital gland. |
| Parotid gland location | At the side of the face or head-neck region. |
| Parotid gland secretion type in dog | Seromucous or mixed per book; lecture stresses mixed-type in dog. |
| Mandibular or submandibular gland location | Near the angle of the mandible. |
| Mandibular or submandibular gland secretion type | Mixed secretion. |
| Sublingual gland location | Under or near the tongue. |
| Sublingual gland portions | Monostomatic and polystomatic portions in book. |
| Sublingual gland secretion type | Mixed secretion. |
| Zygomatic or orbital gland location | Near the zygomatic or orbital region. |
| Zygomatic or orbital gland note | In domestic mammals, it is notable in dog and cat. |
| Zygomatic or orbital gland secretion type | Mixed secretion. |
| Serous saliva | Watery saliva. |
| Mucous or mucoid saliva | Thick saliva because of mucin. |
| Mixed saliva | Combination of serous and mucous saliva. |
| Liver description | Nutritional guardian of the body and largest gland of the body. |
| Largest gland of the body | Liver. |
| Largest organ of the body | Skin. |
| Lightest organ mentioned in lecture | Lungs, because of air spaces. |
| Liver secretion | Produces bile. |
| Gallbladder function | Temporary storage of bile produced by the liver. |
| Structural unit of liver | Hepatic lobule. |
| Shape of hepatic lobule classically under microscope | Six-sided. |
| Liver position | Situated obliquely against the visceral surface of the diaphragm. |
| Liver surfaces | Parietal surface and visceral surface. |
| Liver has | Surfaces plus borders. |
| Dog liver lobes | Left lateral, left medial, right lateral, right medial, quadrate, and caudate lobes. |
| Special process of caudate lobe in dog liver | Papillary process. |
| Pancreas location | Gland situated between or within the duodenal loop. |
| Two portions of pancreas | Exocrine portion and endocrine portion. |
| Exocrine pancreatic cells | Acinar cells. |
| Exocrine secretion of pancreas | Pancreatic juice. |
| Pancreatic amylase digests | Carbohydrates. |
| Pancreatic lipase digests | Fats. |
| Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest | Proteins. |
| Inactive forms of trypsin and chymotrypsin | Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. |
| Endocrine part of pancreas | Islets of Langerhans. |
| Endocrine secretions of pancreas | Glucagon and insulin. |
| Alpha cells of pancreatic islets secrete | Glucagon. |
| Glucagon function | Increases blood glucose. |
| Beta cells of pancreatic islets secrete | Insulin. |
| Insulin function | Decreases blood glucose. |
| Teeth function | Chopping, grinding, and chewing. |
| Morphological classes of teeth | Incisors, canine, premolars, and molars. |
| Teeth in deciduous or temporary dentition | Incisors, canines, and premolars only. |
| Teeth absent in deciduous dentition | Molars. |
| Dentition where molars appear | Permanent dentition only. |
| Tooth regions | Crown, neck, and root. |
| Tooth layers | Enamel, cementum, dentin, and pulp cavity. |
| Enamel location | Outer layer of the crown. |
| Cementum location | Outer layer of neck and root. |
| Dentin location | Under enamel and cementum. |
| Pulp cavity location | Inside the tooth. |
| Carnassial teeth | Shearing or cutting teeth of the dog. |
| Carnassial teeth pair | Upper fourth premolar and lower first molar. |
| Carnassial teeth function | Important for cutting flesh. |
| Tongue support | Supported by muscular sling including mylohyoid muscles. |
| Parts of tongue | Root, body, and apex. |
| Dorsum of tongue | Free dorsal surface of tongue. |
| Lingual papillae types | Filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate or circumvallate. |
| Filiform papillae | Bristle-like papillae. |
| Fungiform papillae | Mushroom-shaped papillae. |
| Foliate papillae | Leaf-like papillae. |
| Vallate or circumvallate papillae | Large papillae near the root of the tongue. |
| Prominent papillae in dog | Vallate and foliate papillae. |
| Soft palate | Caudal muscular part of palate. |
| Soft palate parts | Base, free border, oral surface, and aboral or nasopharyngeal surface. |
| Anterior pillar or palatoglossal arch | Runs from soft palate toward tongue. |
| Posterior pillar or palatopharyngeal arch | Runs from soft palate toward pharyngeal or esophageal region. |
| Hard palate | Rostral bony part of palate. |
| Hard palate boundaries | Bounded by alveolar arches and continuous caudally with soft palate. |
| Bony basis of hard palate | Palatine processes of incisive or premaxilla and maxilla plus horizontal part of palatine bone. |
| Hard palate function | Separates oral and nasal cavities. |
| Difference between hard palate and soft palate | Hard palate is rostral and bony; soft palate is caudal and muscular or membranous. |
| Respiratory system functions | Respiration, phonation, and olfaction. |
| Respiration | Exchange of gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Phonation | Voice production; larynx is important. |
| Olfaction | Sense of smell; nasal cavity and olfactory receptors are involved. |
| Nasal cavity | Cylindrical passage enclosed by facial bones; warms, moistens, and filters air. |
| Pharynx in respiratory system | Common passageway for air plus food and water. |
| Larynx in respiratory system | Voice box; cartilaginous valvular apparatus connecting pharynx and trachea. |
| Trachea in respiratory system | Windpipe; patent or noncollapsible tube due to tracheal rings. |
| Bronchi in respiratory system | Right and left principal bronchi formed at tracheal bifurcation or carina; branch into lobar and segmental bronchi. |
| Lungs in respiratory system | Principal organs of respiration; gas exchange occurs in alveoli. |
| Nasal cavity dorsal boundary | Nasal bone. |
| Nasal cavity lateral boundary | Premaxilla or incisive bone and maxilla. |
| Nasal cavity ventral boundary | Palatine bone or hard palate area. |
| Nasal cavity rostral opening | Anterior nares or nostrils. |
| Nasal cavity caudal opening | Posterior nares or choanae. |
| Structure dividing left and right nasal cavities | Nasal septum. |
| Bony basis of nasal septum | Vomer plus other tissues or cartilage. |
| Nasal conchae or turbinates function | Help warm, moisten, and filter inhaled air. |
| Why pharynx belongs to both digestive and respiratory systems | It is a common passageway for food, water, and air. |
| Larynx functions from lecture | Regulates air volume, prevents entry of foreign bodies into lungs, and produces voice. |
| Clinical cue for foreign material entering airway | Entry of food or water into airway can lead to aspiration pneumonia. |
| Lecture list of paired laryngeal cartilages | Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages. |
| Lecture list of unpaired laryngeal cartilages | Epiglottic, cricoid, and thyroid cartilages. |
| Lecture total laryngeal cartilages to memorize | Three paired plus three unpaired equals nine cartilages. |
| Miller book note on laryngeal cartilages | Describes epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, sesamoid, and interarytenoid cartilages; arytenoid is paired. |
| Corniculate and cuneiform in book context | Treated as processes or tubercles related to arytenoid or epiglottic region. |
| Recitation tip for laryngeal cartilage conflict | Memorize the lecture list if instructor emphasized three paired plus three unpaired equals nine. |
| Trachea | Cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from larynx to its bifurcation into bronchi. |
| Patent meaning for trachea | Always open. |
| Reason trachea is patent | Hyaline tracheal rings or cartilages. |
| Why esophagus is usually collapsed | It has no tracheal rings. |
| Shape of dog tracheal rings | C-shaped or U-shaped because they do not meet dorsally. |
| Dorsal gap of dog tracheal rings | Bridged by trachealis muscle and connective tissue. |
| Trachea layers highlighted in lecture | Fascia propria or adventitia outside, hyaline cartilaginous rings, fibroelastic layer or annular ligaments, trachealis muscle, and mucous membrane inside. |
| Tracheal mucosa epithelium | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, non-keratinized. |
| Carina | Point or crest of tracheal bifurcation where trachea divides into right and left principal bronchi. |
| Bronchial branching sequence | Principal or primary bronchi -> lobar or secondary bronchi -> segmental or tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveolar ducts or sacs -> alveoli. |
| Lungs | Principal organs of respiration; paired structures occupying most of the thoracic cavity. |
| Gas exchange in lungs occurs in | Alveoli. |
| Apex of lung | Pointed cranial part at the thoracic inlet. |
| Base of lung | Wide caudal part adjacent to the diaphragm. |
| Costal surface of lungs | Faces the ribs. |
| Mediastinal or medial surface of lungs | Faces the heart and mediastinum. |
| Diaphragmatic surface of lungs | Faces the diaphragm. |
| Interlobar surfaces of lungs | Surfaces between adjacent lung lobes. |
| Borders or margins of lungs from lecture | Dorsal border and ventral border. |
| Additional lung margin in book | Basal margin near diaphragm. |
| Right lung lobes of dog | Cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes. |
| Left lung lobes of dog | Cranial and caudal lobes. |
| Parts of left cranial lung lobe in dog | Cranial part and caudal part. |
| Pleura | Serous or mesothelial membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity or mediastinum. |
| Visceral or pulmonary pleura | Covers the lung surface directly. |
| Parietal pleura | Lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum. |
| Standard divisions of parietal pleura | Costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic. |
| Lecture drawing emphasis for parietal pleura reflections | Reflections facing vertebrae dorsally, sternum ventrally, and diaphragm caudally. |
| Pleural cavity | Potential space with a thin fluid film between parietal and visceral pleura; normally not a large open space. |
| Endothoracic fascia | Subserous tissue associated with parietal pleura covering the thoracic wall. |
| Pleura versus peritoneum | Pleura lines thoracic cavity; peritoneum lines abdominal cavity. |
| Diaphragm role in body cavities | Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| Mediastinum | Potential midline space between right and left pleural cavities or lungs; visible in radiographs. |
| Precardial or cranial mediastinum | Cranial to heart; contains trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves, thymus, and lymph nodes. |
| Cardiac or middle mediastinum | At level of heart; contains heart and pericardium and relates to esophagus, tracheal bifurcation, thoracic duct, vessels, and nerves. |
| Postcardial or caudal mediastinum | Caudal to heart; contains aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagal nerves, and related vessels and nerves. |
| Diaphragm | Skeletal muscle forming partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities; important muscle of respiration. |
| Three parts of diaphragm | Sternal part, costal part, and lumbar part. |
| Sternal part of diaphragm faces | Sternum. |
| Costal part of diaphragm faces | Ribs. |
| Lumbar part of diaphragm faces | Lumbar vertebrae or crura. |
| Aortic hiatus transmits | Aorta, azygos vein, and cisterna chyli. |
| Esophageal hiatus transmits | Esophagus, esophageal branch of gastric artery, and vagal trunks. |
| Caval foramen or hiatus venae cavae transmits | Caudal vena cava. |
Created by:
user-1909129