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Adv MS Chapter31
Immune assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body leading to tissue damage. | Autoimmunity |
| The body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specicfic antigens | Hypersensitivity |
| Overproduction of immunoglobulins | Gammopathies |
| Deficiency that results from improper development of immune cells or tissues . Is usually congenital or inherited. | Primary immune deficiency |
| Deficiency that results from some interference with an already developed immune system . Is usually acquired later in life. | Secondary immune deficiency. |
| Undifferentiated cells from which all blood cells are generated. These cells are capable of self renewal, continually replenishing both the body's entire supply of both RBCs and WBCs. | stem cells |
| The part of the spleen where old and injured blood cells are destroyed. | The red pulp |
| The part of the spleen that contains concentrations of lymphocytes | The white pulp |
| This organ contains both red and white pulp and acts somewhat like a filter | The spleen |
| Nonspecific immunity that provides broad spectrum defense against and resistance to infection. It protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent. | Natural immunity (innate) |
| Include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils | Granulocytes |
| These are the first cells to arrive at the site where inflammation occurs | Neutrophils |
| These types of cells increase in numbers during allergic reactions and times of stress | Basophils and eosinophils |
| These types of cells are non granular and are the first to arrive on the scene to function as phagocytic cells | Monocytes |
| Is a major function of the immune system. Is elicited in response to tissue injury or invading organisms. | Inflammatory response. |
| These include intact skin , mucous membranes and cilia of the respiratory tract | Physical barriers |
| These include mucous, acidic gastric secretions, enzymes in tears and saliva, and substances in sebaceous and sweat secretions | Chemical barriers |
| If an immune response fails to develop and clear an antigen sufficiently the host is considered to be ....... | Immunocompromised or immunodeficient |
| Regulatory mechanisms that suppress or halt the immune response is are carried out mainly by the production of ........... | cytokines |
| This type of immunity develops due to prior exposure to an antigen either by immunization or by contracting a disease to generate a protective immune response | Acquired Immunity (adaptive) |
| This, the first line of defense in the response to invasion primarily involves WBCs | Phagocytic immune response |
| Refers to immunologic defenses developed by the person's own body | Active Acquired immunity |
| Is temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization. | Passive acquired immunity |
| Programmed cell death. The body's way of destroying worn out cells such as blood or skin cells or cells that need to be renewed. | Apoptosis |
| Begins with B lymphocytes which can transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies | Humoral immunity response |
| A protein substance developed by the body, transported in the blood stream and attempts to disable invaders | Antibody |
| Involves the T lymphocytes which can turn into special cytotoxic (Or killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens | Cellular immune response |
| The structural part of the invading or attacking organism that is responsible production | Antigen |
| Antibodies are large proteins also called ___________ | Immunoglobulins |
| The clumping effect that helps clear the body of the invading organism by facilitating phagocytosis | agglutination |
| The process in which antigen-antibody molecule is coated with a sticky substance that also facilitates phagocytosis | opsonization |
| Stem cells continuously migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus where they develop into ....... | T-cells |
| These cells are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of the immune system They secrete cytokines that attract B cells and other cells (CD4) | Helper T -Cells |
| These cells attack antigens directly by altering the cell membranes causing cell lysis | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| The cells have the ability to to decrease B-cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level that is compatible with health | Suppressor T cells |
| These cells are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response. | Memory cells |
| Also known as a biologic response modifier. Affects the host via direct or indirect effects on one or more components of the immunoregulatory network | Immunomodulator. |
| A naturally occurring glycoprotein cytokines that regulate production , differentiation ,survival and activation of hematopoietic cells | Colony Stimulating Factors |
| Stimulates the production of RBCs | Erythropoietin |
| Plays a regulatory role growth and differentiation of bone marrow cells | Thrombopoietin |
| Have become available through technological advances that allow the growth and production of targeted antibodies for specific pathologic organisms Destroys pathogens while sparing normal cells. | Monoclonal antibodies |
| The term for age related changes in the immune system. These changes have been linked to the increased rate of illness and mortality in older adults | Immunosenescence. |
| The bidirectional pathway between the brain and the immune system. Includes factors such as stress and psychological illness. | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| A subpopulation of lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with antibody. Recognize infected and stressed cells and respond by killing them. | Null Lymphocyte |
| Circulating plasma proteins that are made in the liver and are activated when an antibody connects with its antigen | Complement |
| A class of lymphocytes that recognize infected and stressed cells and stressed cells and respond by killing these cells and by secreting macrophage secreting cytokine | Natural Killer Cells (NK) |
| These cells produce and release antibodies | B-lymphocytes |
| Antigens are recognized by circulating lymphocytes and macrophages | Recognition phase |
| Dormant lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or B cells responsible for formation and release of antibodies | Proliferation stage |
| The cytotoxic T cells and the B cells perform cellular and humoral functions | Response stage |
| Antigens are destroyed or neutralized through the action of antibodies, complement , macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells. | Effector stage |
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