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Onco Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled cellular division | Cancer |
| Branch of science that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of cancer | Oncology |
| First Phase of Cell Cycle -longest phase | Interphase |
| Cellular growth | G1 |
| DNA Synthesis | S |
| Preparation for mitosis | G2 |
| Actual cellular division | Mitosis |
| nuclear division | Karyokinesis |
| cytoplasmic division | Cytokinesis |
| fluid filled organ in the cell | Cytoplasm |
| Resting Phase | G0 |
| Production of cancer Theory of cancer causation | Carcinogenesis |
| 3 Theory of cancer causation | Initiation Promotion Progression |
| TRANSFORMED CELL initial cellular mutation occurs irreversible | Initiation |
| NEOPLASTCI LESION cancer cells stimulated to divide even further Reversible Stage | Promotion |
| MALIGNANT TUMOR cancer cells compete with one another to survive IRREVERSIBLE poor prognosis | Progression |
| cells shrink in size cause by 1. dec. oxygen, nerve and blood supply nutrients 2. aging 3. prolonged immobilization 4. dec. use of cells; wear and tear | Atrophy |
| cells increase in size | Hypertrophy |
| cells increase in amount (dumadami) PRE MALIGNANT ex. BPH | Hyperplasia |
| MALIGNANT; no basement membrane | Neoplasia aka Anaplasia |
| Once cell type is CONVERTED/REPLACED/TRANSFORMED into another cell type | Metaplasia |
| Bizarre cell growth complete alteration of cells in terms of size, shape, color and amount PRE MALIGNANT Has Basement Membrane | Dysplasia |
| Achieve and maintain healthy weight gain Adopt a physically active lifestyle Consume healthy diet Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages | Primary Prevention |
| Screening and early detection | Secondary Prevention |
| Preventing recurrence Assessment for development of second malignancies | Tertiary Prevention |
| Warning Sign of Cancer | CAUTION US |
| type of cancer alteration of constipation/diarrhea | Colorectal Cancer |
| Under colorectal cancer, change in the shape of the stool | Pencil shaped stools |
| Strongest Risk factor for colorectal cancer | Cigarette Smoking |
| Most severe skin cancer | Melanoma |
| ABCDE Assessment Tool | Asymmetry Borders (Irregular) Color (black or brown) Diameter (N: <5mm-diameter of monggol 2 pencil) Evolving |
| PH level of semen | Alkaline |
| Tumors are totally ___ check breast, testicles and lymph nodes | Painless |
| Most common location of warts or moles in elderly | Scalp (check during salon/haircut) Behind the ears |
| Most common location of warts or moles in boys | Nape |
| Most common location of warts or moles in adults | Upper Back |
| what type of cancer has hoarseness of voice | Laryngeal Cancer |
| Type of Cancer with barking cough | Lung Cancer |
| Muscle Wasting > inc. metabolism in cancer cell | Cachexia |
| Tumor Grading Well Differentiated BENIGN closely resemble the cells of the tissues to which it came from | Grade 1 |
| Tumor Grading Moderately Differentiated | Grade 2 |
| Tumor Grading Poorly Differentiated | Grade 3 |
| Tumor Grading Undifferentiated MALIGNANT look nothing like the normal cells | Grade 4 |
| Most common management for Cancer | Surgery |
| The only confirmatory test for Cancer | Biopsy |
| Type of Biopsy solid tumors-lungs, liver, breast, thyroid | Fine Needle Aspiration |
| Type of Biopsy deep tissue samples-skin, vulva | Punch |
| Type of Biopsy superficial tissue sample | Shave |
| Type of Biopsy large tumors-portion of tumor is removed | Incisional |
| Type of Biopsy Entire tumor is removed | Excisional |
| Type of Biopsy for leukemia and lymphoma | Bone Marrow Aspiration |
| Most preferred site for Bone Marrow Aspiration -avoid for pedia <12 years old -for pedia | Posterior Illiac Crest Sternum/Breastbone Tibia |
| Risk reduction surgery | Prophylactic |
| Attempt to improve function or for cosmetic effect | Reconstructive |
| relieving symptoms and improve QOL | Palliative |
| responsive to radiation should be sensitive | Radiosentive |
| difficult to kill, malignant should be resistant | Radioresistant |
| NI for Alopecia -if temporary hair loss > tell the pt. hair will grow again | Improve self esteem-offer wigs, scarves and hats |
| Stomatitis, Oral Mucositis, Esophagitis Radiation Induced Enteritis > DIARRHEA > low fiber diet | Use warm, non alcoholic mouth wash Avoid hot, rough spicy, acidic foods soft, bland diet, small frequent feeding |
| Skin Cells: Radiation Induced Dermatitis Nursing Intervention | Avoid powders, lotion(any type), chemical irritants (vicks, katinko) Avoid extreme of temp > dryness > pruritus |
| Radiosensitive Normal Cells | Connective tissues, brain cells. sensory cells, nerve cells |
| More common than Internal patient is not radioactive happens in sessions | External Radiation Therapy/Teletherapy |
| Type of Radiation Therapy IMPLANT; localized | SEALED: Internal Radiation Therapy/Brachytherapy |
| Type of Radiation Therapy IV/Oral; Pt. himself is RADIOACTIVE even body fluid as well > FLUSH THE TOILET TWICE | UNSEALED; Internal Radiation Therapy/Brachytherapy |
| NI if implant fell during activity | Pick up the implant using long handle forceps and put it in a lead lined container > REFER |
| NI if implant fell and can not be find in the room | Notify safety radiation team Complete bed rest without bathroom privileges |
| DTS PRINCIPLE Distance Time Shield | Distance: 6 ft away from the pt., private room away from nurse station Time: 30 min/shift, cluster activities Shield: Lead shield, dosimeter badge, ALLOW VISITORS > follow DTS Principle (avoid pedia, pregnant = teratogenic, immunocompromised visitors |
| Indicator Radiation Exposure Color White Single Use | Dosimeter Badge |
| Most common side effect of radiation therapy | Fatigue |
| Drug therapy; administration of anti-neoplastic drugs to manage cancer | Chemotherapy |
| Most effective management of cancer | Chemotherapy |
| Breast Cancer Medication | Tamoxifen |
| Most Dangerous type of cell cycle | Cell Cycle Non-specific |
| Chemo Fog | Neurotoxicity |
| Most common side effects of chemotherapy | Nausea and Vomiting > adm. antiemetics 30 min. before chemo > ondansetron IV, metoclopramide IV |
| NI for chemodrugs due to photosensitivity | Protect from direct sunlight, cover the iv bottle and line |
| Antidote for Cyslosphosphamide | Mesna IV > inc. OFI |
| Most Common cancer worldwide | Breast Cancer |
| Xray of the breast avoid powders and deodorant on the day of procedure | Mammography 40-44; option to start screening 45-54; required annually 55 and above; Bienially (every 2 years, every other year) High risk with fam history: 30 y o anually |
| CA 125 (Ovarian, Breast, No Cancer) Screening only, not reliable | Tumor marker test |
| BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 Gene: Prostate and Ovarian | Genetic Testing |
| IMAGING TEST fastest and low cost | CT Scan |
| IMAGING TEST uses magnetic waves and better details >remove metallic objects (jewelries, implants, prosthetics) if claustrophobic: sedate | MRI |
| IMAGING TEST uses radioisotopes, not only structural-functional abnormalities but also metabolic abnormalities, most expensive | PET Scan |
| IMAGING TEST sound waves > drink 4 glasses of water without voiding - Pelvic and Abdominal Ultrasound | Ultrasound |
| In Breast cancer what quadrant is usually affected under biopsy | UPPER OUTER QUADRANT |
| Orange Peel Skin | Peau D' Orange |
| removal of breast tissue + nipple areola complex + axillary lymph node | Modified Radical Mastectomy |
| Remove everything (common in stage 4 breast cancer) | Radical Mastectomy |
| Prophylactic; Benign; Removal of breast tissue +nipple areola complex | Total Mastectomy |
| Everything is intact; tumor only removed; cosmetic effects; stage 1 breast cancer | Lumpectomy |
| Most preferred method for Brest Self Examination | Circular motion |
| Hard Pea sized nodule or irregularities palpated on rectal examination | Prostate Cancer |
| The procedure involves insertion of a scope into the urethra to exercise prostatic tissue | Transurethral Resection of the Prostate |
| Removal of the prostate gland by an abdominal incision with a bladder incision | Suprapubic Prostatectomy |
| Removal of the prostate gland by a low abdominal incision without opening the bladder | Retropubic Prostatectomy |
| Prostate gland is removed through an incisional made between the scrotum and anus | Perineal Prostatectomy |
| Early detection of Testicular Cancer | Monthly Testicular Self Exam |
Created by:
lessuy