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organic chem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alkanes | hydrocarbons with different carbon bonding structures. Form many natural occurring carbon based fuels. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons (single bond carbon-carbon bonds). General formula CnH2n+2 where n represents the number of carbon atoms. |
| Alkenes | Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their chain (at least one degree of saturation). CnH2n. |
| cyclohexane | Cyclohexane is an alkane arranged in a closed ring with no terminal carbon. Each carbon is bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. CnH2n |
| benzene | Benzene is a cyclic compound containing 6 carbon atoms in its ring structure each bonded to one hydrogen atoms and two carbons |
| Haloalkanes | Formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms attached to the alkanes carbon chain with a halogen ( atom found in group 17) more electronegative resulting in a polar bond (carbon has partial positive charge and halogen has partial negative charge). |
| amines | Amines are generally derived from ammonia (NH3) and a hydrogen can be removed to form an amino functional group, allowing nitrogen to bond to an alkyl group as it can bond with three other atoms, forming an amine |
| amides | Amide functional groups (CONH) differ from amine (NH2) functional groups as they contain a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O). In primary amides the nitrogen atom is bonded to one carbon (the terminal carbon) |
| Alcohols | derivatives of hydrocarbons that have a hydroxyl group (OH) bonded to a carbon atom. One or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a hydroxyl group. The type of alcohol depends on the number of alkyl groups bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. |
| aldehydes | compounds with a carbonyl group in their structure ( C double bonded to O) In aldehydes one of the remaining bonds on the carbon in carbonyl group is bonded to a hydrogen forming CHO. Carbon atom can then bond to either another hydrogen or alkyl group. |
| ketones | compounds with a carbonyl group in their structure ( C double bonded to O). In ketones each of the remaining bonds on the carbon in carbonyl group are bonded to an alkyl group |
| carboxylic acid | contain a carboxyl group (COOH) always found at the end of the carbon chain. as the carboxyl group has the ability to donate its H+ ion into solution it can act as a weak acid. the carboxyl group may bond to either alkyl group or hydrogen. |
| esters | Similar to alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, contain a functional group involving oxygen atoms. often used in perfume and synthetic flavouring for their distinctive fragrances. has an ester (COOC) group found in carbon chain. |
| Characteristics of carbon that contributes to the diversity of organic compounds formed | -4 valance electrons meaning it forms 4 covalent bonds -carbon bonds are relatively strong -forms stable bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon - creates a tetrahedral when bonded to four other atoms -saturated (single bond) or unsaturated |
| structural isomers | molecules that have the same molecular formula (number of each atom) but different structural formula (arranged differently) |
| organic compound | where carbon is covalently bonded to other atoms. most stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen |
| bonds formed between elements with larger differences in electronegativity form stronger bonds. shorter bond length, stronger bond | |
| molecular | number of each atom |
| empirical | simplified number of each atom |
| structural | all atoms and bonds |
| skeletal | most atoms. covalent bonds shown as lines. carbon shown as vertices. hydrogen bonded to carbon not shown. |
| semi structural (condensed) | all atoms and their location |
| parent chain | longest continuous carbon chain. number of carbon atoms indicated by a prefix eg.g 1 carbon- meth. when functional groups present direction of numbering is selected such that the numbers indicating position of functional groups are as small as possible |
| how are halogen and alkyl side chains named | like other functional groups their position is indicated by indicated by a number before their corresponding prefix. when multiple of same functional group present di,tri, tetra... used. |
| 3-methylheptane | 3- position of functional group methyl- side chain group hept- number of carbons in parent chain ane- type of bonding in parent chain |
| when there are multiple different functional groups | compounds with two functional groups, suffix of the name of the compound is derived from the functional group with the highest priority, as outlined in table 4. The prefixes for the remaining functional group(s) are included earlier in alphabetical order |
| When writing the name of an organic compound, we need to ensure that we include... | Commas used to separate numbers representing positions of functional groups. Hyphens used to separate numbers from words. no space between names of functional groups and parent chain name. Prefixes indicating functional groups written in alphabetically |
| how are non branched esters named | The alkyl group that originally comes from the alcohol and is attached to the oxygen atom by a single bond is named first, followed by the carbon chain that includes the carbon atom in carbonyl of ester and comes from carboxylic acid |
| dispersion forces | weakest intermolecular force. there are moments when electrons in a molecule concentrate in one region, known as an instantaneous dipole. arise between adjacent molecules as a result of electrostatic attraction between instantaneous dipoles |
| what molecule has stronger dispersion forces | there are stronger dispersion forces between larger molecules because the more electrons a molecule has the greater the possibility of an instantaneous dipole will form and induce another dipole in nearby molecule |
| permanent dipole dipole attraction | only occurs between polar molecules (contain permanent dipoles). strengths depends on difference of electronegativity of atoms involved. aldehydes c to o bond, ketones c-o, esters c-o, haloalkanes |
| hydrogen bonding | Hydrogen bonding is a type of permanent dipole-dipole attraction that only occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine. alcohols O-H, carboxylic acid, primary amines/amides N-H |
| viscosity | measures a substances resistance to flow and reflects the substances properties. high viscosity flow more slowly due to strength of intermolecular forces between molecules |
| substitution reaction | a substitution reaction occurs when an atom or group replaces another atom or group, resulting in the formation of a new substance (hydrocarbon+halogen+ Uv or heat becomes haloalkanes). |
| substitution reaction between primary haloalkane and water | A primary haloalkane can undergo a further substitution reaction with water in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form an alcohol. also needs heat. |
| addition reactions | an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule |
| addition reactions with alkenes | carbon to carbon double bonds are broken allowing molecule to add other atoms or groups |
| esterification | a particular type of condensation where a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react to produce a water molecule an ester |
| hydrolysis | water is used as a reactant and is used to break the bonds in a molecule to produce new compounds. These reactions are enabled by using an excess of dilute acid and heat, as the reactions would not occur at SLC. |
| oxidation of alcohols | oxidation of alcohols allows ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acid to be produced. In primary alcohols, hydroxyl (−OH) group is bonded to carbon attached to only one alkyl group. first oxidised to aldehydes (+ water), then carboxylic acids. |
| If n = the number of amino acids used to form a polypeptide, the number of water molecules produced = the number of peptide links formed = n − 1. | |
| When biomolecules are being synthesised, water is always a product (condensation), whereas when biomolecules are being broken down, water is a reactant (hydrolysis) |
Created by:
kelllyy