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A&P 2
Reproductive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gametogenesis | formation of sex cells |
| spermatogenesis | sperm production |
| true or false: infant male born with spermatogonia (stem cells) in testes | true, inactive until puberty- undergo mitosis + give rise to primary spermatocytes |
| primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis | - meiosis 1: generate 2 secondary spermatocytes -meiosis 2: divide into 4 spermatids |
| true or false: spermatids ---> spermatozoa (sperm) via spermiogenesis | true |
| spermiogenesis | - form acrosome: cap over nucleus, filled with digestive enzyme to penetrate egg - develop flagellum and generate more mitochondria around base - shed excess cytoplasm |
| oogenesis | ovum production |
| true or false: ovary of fetus contain stem cells oogonia | true, before birth oogonia do mitosis to form primary oocytes |
| true or false: primary oocytes inactive until puberty | true |
| primary oocytes in puberty | - once a month, 1 primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 - generates large secondary oocyte and tiny polar bod - secondary oocytes ovulated from ovary to be fertilized (only for 2 days) - meiosis 2 only occurs if ovum becomes fertilized |
| testes/testicles | - glands that generate sperm and testosterone - each testis surrounded by tunica albuginea, divides it into lobules (about 250 lobules), each with seminiferous tubules - interstitial cells of Leydig: between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone |
| seminiferous tubules | - spermatogenesis occurs inside - walls have Sertoli cells: provide support/nutrition for developing sperm, secrete inhibin and ABP, secrete testicular fluid to transport sperm |
| what does inhibin secreted from Sertoli cells do | indirectly controls number of sperm cells produced by creating negative feedback by inhibiting FSH |
| what does ABP secreted from Sertoli cells do | binds to testosterone to increase its concentration |
| scrotum | - provided optimum temp of 91.4 F for sperm production - before birth testis descend from inguinal canal |
| cryptorchidism | failure of testis to descend, results in inviable sperm because temp is >91.4 F |
| inguinal hernia | fat/portions of intestines get pushed down inguinal canal |
| when testes cool, this muscles contract | - dartos muscle: wrinkle skin + generate heat - cremaster muscle: brings testes closer to pelvis for warmth |
| ductile system in testis | - sperm go from tubules to rete testis - enter efferent ductile that leads to epididymis: storage area, learn to swim - ductus (vas) deferens: carry sperm out of epididymis to urethra, joins with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct |
| bulbourethral (cowpers) glands | - secrete alkaline mucous, lubricates head of penis + buffers remaining urine - first gland to secrete (pre-ejaculate) |
| prostate gland | - secrete milky, alkaline fluid to neutralize vaginal secretions - second to secrete |
| true or false: prostate gland has prostate specific antigens (PSA) that are anticoagulants | true, high PSA levels are sign of prostate cancer/enlarged prostate |
| enlarged prostate | constricts urethra + interferes urine flow |
| seminal valves | - produce substance with fructose- nutrition for sperm - has prostaglandins to help sperm up female tract - has clotting facts to thicken semen - secretes last, is 60% of semen |
| 3 columns of erectile tissue | - corpus spongiosum: column surrounds urethra, expands to form glans penis - corpora cavernosa: 2 lateral columns |
| penile reflexes | erection (para), emission (symp): semen moves into urethra, ejaculations (somatic): contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle |
| impotence | inability to achieve erection, due to nerve damage, stress, meds |
| male reproductive system is indirectly controlled via gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) produced by hypothalamus, which targets the anterior pituitary gland. which 2 hormones are released in response | - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): targets Sertoli cells, produces inhibin + ABP - luteinizing hormone (LH): targets interstitial cells of Leydig to produce testosterone |
| true or false: increased levels of testosterone decreases levels of GnRH and LH | true (negative feedback) |
| testosterone | - primary male sex hormone - controls development of primary + secondary characteristics - simulates protein synthesis in muscle and bone |
| parts of the vulva | labia majora, labia minora, hymen, clitoris, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands |
| labia majora | folds of adipose tissue, enclose + protect organs, homologous with scrotum |
| labia minora | thin folds of skin, hood of clitoris, covers vestibule (space contains opening of urethra + vagina) |
| hymen | mucous membrane, folds + partially closes vaginal opening |
| clitoris | small projection with sensory receptors, 2 columns- correspond to corpora cavernosa |
| paraurethral glands | - in wall of urethra, produce small amount of mucus - homologous with prostate |
| greater vestibular glands | - primary source of lubricating mucous - homologous with bulbourethral glands |
| vagina | - birth canal and where sperm deposited - wall is lined with stratified squamous, folds into rugae to stimulate penis during sex, muddle layer is smooth muscle, outer adventitia |
| true or false: uterus is where fetus develops | true |
| uterus consists of | - fundus: where uterine tubes open into uterus - body - cervix: where uterus extends into vagina, blocks entrance of microbes - supported by broad and round ligaments and pelvic floor |
| cervical cancer | caused by infection with STD human papillomavirus (HPV) |
| uterine prolapse | if pelvic floor weakens, uterus can sink through vaginal opening |
| wall of uterus | - perimetrium: is parietal peritoneum - myometrium: 3 layers of smooth muscle - endometrium: stratum functionalis and stratum basalis |
| stratum functionalis | sheds with each period |
| stratum basalis | highly mitotic, grows and replaces stratum functionalis after each period |
| uterine (fallopian) tubes | - carry ovulated ovum to uterus, lined with ciliated columnar, has smooth muscle for peristalsis - where fertilization occurs - common for ectopic pregnancy |
| fimbriae | tentacle like projections, draw ovum into tubule |
| ovaries | - where oogenesis occurs + estrogen/progesterone produced - covered by germinal epithelium of cuboid - have fibrous tunica albuginea (supports wall) - divide into cortex and medulla |
| medulla of ovaries | connective, vascular, lymphatic tissue |
| cortex of ovaries | - filled with primary follicles: primary oocytes wrapped in follicular cells - at puberty, 1 primary follicle matures each month |
| true or false: follicular cells generate estrogen | true |
| maturation of primary follicle | - primary oocyte does meiosis 1, generates secondary oocyte that functions as egg - follicle around it matures into vesicular (graafian) follicle - vesicular follicle bursts + release egg during ovulation - remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum |
| true or false: corpus luteum secretes progesterone | true |
| true or false: breasts are 15-20 lobes of glandular tissue, each have their own ducts that drain to ampulla: milk reservoir under nipple | true |
| hormones that regulate breast development | - estrogen: stimulates duct formation, adipose deposition, nipple development - progesterone: stimulates glandular development |
| hormones during pregnancy | - high estrogen and progesterone causes hypothalamus to generate prolactin releasing hormone - PRH makes anterior pituitary generate prolactin - prolactin helps breast enlargement for milk production |
| hormones during birth | - stretch of uterine wall = hypothalamus releases oxytocin from posterior pituitary - oxytocin causes uterine contractions for birth - oxytocin is bonding hormone |
| hormones during postpartum | - suckling = more prolactin (positive feedback) - oxytocin causes "let down reflex": causes ejection of milk (positive feedback) |
| hormonal control of monthly ovarian cycle | - hypothalamus releases GnRH to anterior pituitary: stimulates release of FSH and LH - increased estrogen = surge of LH release - if no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall = shedding of stratum functionalis (period) |
| what does the release of FSH and LH do | - targets follicles to mature - matures oocyte - stimulate more estrogen from follicle cells, estrogen stimulate growth of new stratum functionalis |
| what does the surge of LH released from high estrogen do | - surge is responsible for ovulation - LH converts empty follicle into corpus luteum |
| phases of 28 day uterine cycle | -menstrual: low progesterone constricts nutrients to endometrium -proliferative: high estrogen, strat functi regenerates + a graafian follicle matures -secretory: high progesterone, endometrium thickens, no fertilization = low progesterone = next period |
Created by:
katiew0