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Vaughn Ch 3
Ethics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Critical reasoning | The careful, systematic evaluation of statements or claims |
| Statement | An assertion that something is or is not the case |
| Argument | A group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest |
| Premise | A supporting statement in an argument |
| Conclusion | The statement supported in an argument |
| Indicator words | Terms that often appear in arguments to signal the presence of a premise or conclusion or that an argument is deductive or inductive |
| Deductive argument | An argument that is supposed to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion |
| Inductive argument | An argument that is supposed to offer probable support to its conclusion. |
| Valid argument | A deductive argument that does in fact provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion |
| Invalid argument | A deductive argument that does not offer logically conclusive support for the conclusion |
| Strong argument | An inductive argument that does in fact provide probable support for its conclusion |
| Weak argument | An inductive argument that does not give probable support to the conclusion |
| Sound argument | A valid argument with true premises |
| Cogent argument | A strong argument with true premises |
| If p then q | Conditional arguments |
| Modus Ponens (affirming the antecedent) (Valid) | If p, then q. p. Therefore ,q. |
| Modus Tollens ( denying the consequent) (Valid) | If p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p |
| Denying the antecedent (Invalid) | If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q. |
| Affirming the consequent (Invalid) | If p, then q. q. Therefore, p. |
| Hypothetical Syllogism (Valid) | If p, then q. If q then r. Therefore, if p then r. |
| Moral statement | A statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person is good or bad |
| Nonmoral statement | A statement that asserts a state of affairs is true or false but do not assign a moral value to it |
| Fallacies | Bad arguements |
| Begging the question | The fallacy of arguing in a circle. Trying to use a statement as both a premise and a conclusion in an argument. p is true because p is true |
| Equivocation | The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument |
| Appeal to authority | The fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone thought to be an expert who is not |
| Appeal to emotion | The fallacy of trying to convince someone to accept a conclusion by appealing only to fear, guilt, anger, hate, compassion, and the like |
| Slippery slope | The fallacy of using dubious premises to argue doing an action with lead to others actions that will result in disaster |
| Faulty analogy | The use of flawed analogy to argue for a conclusion |
| Appeal to ignorance | The fallacy of arguing that the absence of evidence entitles us to believe a claim |
| Straw man | The fallacy of misrepresenting someone's claim or argument so it can be more easily attacked |
| Appeal to the person (Ad hominem) | The fallacy of arguing a claim should be rejected solely because of the characteristics of the person who makes it |
| Hasty Generalization | The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group |
| Confirmation Bias | Paying attention only to evidence that confirms our beliefs while ignoring opposing evidence |
| Availability error | The tendency to rely on evidence not because it reliable but because its vivid or memorable |
| Motivated Reasoning | Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth |
| Dunning Kruger effect | The common human failing of being ignorant of how ignorant we are |
Created by:
gmunnie