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Animal Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two broad categories of animal behavior? | Innate (inherited through genes; genetically programmed) and learned behavior |
| What is a simple reflex? | Automatic 2-nerve (afferent and efferent) response to a stimulus; controlled at the spinal cord |
| What is a complex reflex? | Automatic 3-nerve response (slower due to interneurons); controlled at brain stem/cerebrum. Example: startle response (reticular activating system) |
| What is imprinting? | A specific, irreversible type of learning in young animals that occurs only if the appropriate stimulus is experienced during the critical/sensitive period. Example: Graylag goslings accepting the first moving object they see as their mother |
| What are fixed action patterns? | Sequences of instinctive behavior initiated by sign stimuli; the action is completed even if the original stimulus is removed. Example: Graylag goose rolling an egg back to the nest — if egg is removed, goose continues rolling nothing |
| What is spatial learning? | Association between landmarks and a specific location that is then deemed safe or unsafe |
| What is instinct? | An inborn pattern of behavior distinct to a species. Example: female mammals caring for offspring |
| What is insight? | A behavior with a positive outcome performed in response to a novel situation never encountered before. Example: chimpanzee stacking boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach |
| What is associative learning? | Learning in which an animal learns that events are connected |
| What is operant conditioning? | Trial-and-error conditioning; the animal connects its own behavior to reward or punishment |
| What is extinction in operant conditioning? | Reversal of a learned/conditioned behavior due to lack of reinforcement |
| What are the 4 types of operant conditioning outcomes? | Positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, negative reinforcement |
| Positive punishment | give unpleasant stimulus → decrease behavior |
| Positive reinforcement | give pleasant stimulus → increase behavior |
| Negative punishment | remove pleasant stimulus → decrease behavior |
| Negative reinforcement | remove unpleasant stimulus → increase behavior |
| What is classical conditioning? | Behavior performed in response to a new (conditioned) stimulus rather than the normal (unconditioned) stimulus |
| What are the key terms in classical conditioning? | UCR = unconditioned/natural response; UCS = unconditioned stimulus; CS = conditioned stimulus (formerly neutral); CR = conditioned response (same as UCR but now triggered by CS) |
| What is spontaneous recovery? | Recovery of a CR to a CS after a previously extinguished response |
| What is habituation? | A learned decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure without consequences. Example: birds ignoring consistent screams of another bird when no predator appears |
| What is sensitization? | An increased response to a repeated stimulus; the opposite of habituation |
| What is observational/social learning? | An animal copies the successful behavior of another. Example: monkeys washing potatoes in water after following the lead of the first monkey to do so |
| What are the 3 types of animal movement? | Kinesis (undirected change in movement speed; slow in favorable conditions, fast in unfavorable), Taxis (directed movement toward or away from a stimulus), Migration (long-distance change in location) |
| What is foraging behavior? | Behavior that maximizes food eaten while minimizing energy expenditure |
| What is agonistic behavior? | Threats, aggression, or submission originating from competition for food, mates, or territory |
| What are dominance hierarchies? | A ranking system among animals to minimize fighting for food and mates |
| What is territoriality? | Defining and defending a territory to ensure adequate food and a place to mate; may include aggression |
| What is altruistic behavior? | Unselfish behavior that can increase inclusive fitness (fitness of the animal plus its relatives) |
| What is appeasement behavior? | An inferior stance adopted to avoid attack |
| What are the 4 types of animal communication? | Chemical (pheromones; attract mates, mark territory, accelerate reproductive maturity), Visual (displays for aggression or courtship), Auditory (sounds to warn and communicate; mating calls attract mates), Tactile (touch) |
| What is the purpose of courtship rituals? | To ensure same-species mating |
| What is semelparity? | One reproductive event during an animal's life; results in lower survival rate but higher number of offspring |
| What is iteroparity? | Repeated reproduction throughout life; produces few but large offspring; results in higher survival rates |
Created by:
smurtab