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Histology
Cell Structure and Function
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| cell | basic unit of life (structure and fxn in living things) |
| Structures visible on a light microscope at a maximum of 200x magnification | walls, vacuoles, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, nucleus and cell membrane |
| Structures visible on an electron microscope up to 2 million times | Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, centrioles, golgi bodies |
| Non-membranous organelles | Ribosomes, centrioles, cilia and flagella, |
| Membranous organelles | Cell membrane, mitochondria, ER (Smooth and Rough), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles |
| Things all cells do | take in food, rid waste, & reproduce |
| 3 main sections | plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm |
| Another name for cell membrane | Plasma membrane |
| Composition of cell membrane | Bilayer of lipids & proteins |
| Cell membrane job | Allow materials to enter/exit |
| Nucleus Job | Controls cell activity |
| Inside the nucleus | Chromatin & nucleolous |
| Chromatin | Long strands of DNA that hold info to make proteins |
| Nucleus | makes ribosomes |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like material inside the cell that most organelles float within |
| Organelles in cytoplasm | Nucleus, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, ER, Golgi Body, and Lysosomes |
| Cytoplasm job | help dissolve solutes and help move material around |
| Rough ER | receives ribosomes from nucleus and has a tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | makes fat and breaks down toxins |
| Ribosomes | created by the nucleus, transported by the rough ER, and make proteins |
| Golgi Body job | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| (T/F) The golgi body releases proteins inside a protective vesicle | True |
| Organelle that chains AA together | Ribosome |
| Mitochondria job | create ATP in a process called cellular respiration |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic process cells use to break down glucose and oxygen, converting them into water, carbon dioxide, and usable energy in the form of ATP |
| Endosymbiosis theory | mitochondrion were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells |
| Evidence for endosymbiosis theory | own DNA & ribosomes, make proteins, and replicate |
| Lysosome | contains digestive enzymes to break down food, kill pathogens, and destroy dying cells |
| Autolysis | destruction of dying cells |
| (T/F) Centrioles are not involved in organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm | False |
| (T/F) Centrioles are only active during cell division | True |
| Centriole fxn | They produce spindle fibers which attach to chromosomes. The fibers pull a copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell so when it splits, each new daughter cell has all the DNA it needs |
| Cilia and Flagella jobs | mvmt |
| Cilia | short hair-like extensions (numerous) |
| Flagella | long whip-like extension (very few) |
| Cell wall | outermost layer of plant, fungi, and bacteria cells |
| Cell wall job | Adds support for growth |
| Cell wall material | tough cellulose |
| Cell wall witness | Robert Hooke (1665) |
| Chloroplast job | perform photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll molecules | absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars |
| (T/F) Chloroplasts are not part of the Endosymbiosis theory | False |
| Vacuole job | stores food, water, waste, and color pigments |
| Placement of vacuoles in the plant cell | One large central vacuole |
| Placement of vacuoles in the animal cell | scattered smaller vacuoles |
| Organelle that fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins | Golgi apparatus |
| Organelle that holds the information to make a protein | nucleus |
| Endocytosis | a group of processes that bring macromolecules, large particles, small molecules, and even other cells into the eukaryotic cell |
| Types of endocytosis | Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing of solid particles |
| Pinocytosis | engulfing of liquid droplets (cellular drinking) |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | similar to pinocytosis but more specific and occurs when material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane |
| Example of Receptor-mediated endocytosis | transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells |
| Exocytosis | when large molecules manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane |
Created by:
satya.benoit