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Sociology
Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agents of Socialization | Those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization |
| Anticipatory Socialization | Learning designed to prepare an individual for the fulfillment of future statuses and roles |
| Degradation Ceremony | A process in which an individual is stripped of his or her former self, publicly stigmatized, and assigned a new identity |
| Desocialization | The unlearning of previous normative expectations and roles |
| Developmental Socialization | Learning how to better fulfill the roles we already occupy |
| Generalized others | The dominant attitudes and expectations of most members of society |
| I | In Mead's Schema, the unsocialized self as subject |
| life course | A process in which individuals move from one biological and social stage to another as they grow and develop |
| looking- glass self | Cooley's concept that individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction |
| me | In Mead's schema, the socialized self as object |
| nature | heredity |
| nurture | environment |
| personality | a dominant pattern of attitudes, feelings and behaviors |
| primary socialization | the learning of human characteristics and behaviors and the development of a concept of self |
| resocialization | learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors |
| rites of passage | ceremonies that symbolically acknowledge transitions from one life stage to another |
| role taking | the ability to anticipate what others expect of us, and to act accordingly |
| self | a person's conscious recognition that he or she is a distinct individual who is part of a larger society |
| significant others | specific people with whom we interact and whose response has meaning for us |
| situated self | the self that emerges in a particular situation |
| social learning theory | the idea that much human behavior is learned from modeling others |
| socialization | a process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self |
| total institutions | places where people carry out virtually all of their activities |
| sociobiology | a field that integrates theories and research from biology and sociology in an effort to better understand human behavior |
| Charles Horton Cooley | coined the term "looking-glass self" to describe the process by which individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction |
| Kingsley Davis | the first sociologist to study systematically the effects of social isolation on children |
| Erik Erikson | Identified three developmental stages in adult life that focus on a series of crises that must be resolved |
| sigmund freud | noted physician and psychiatrist, writing at a time when most people viewed personality as being one-dimensional, contended that there are three important components of personality; the id, the ego, and the super ego |
| Carol Gilligan | demonstrated that males tend to rely heavily on rules and abstract ideals in defining appropriate justice, while females arrive at definitions about right and wrong from a care and responsibility perspective |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | believed that individuals pass through stages of moral development through |
| Daniel Levinson | applied a developmental approach to the study of adulthood, identifying three distinct stages in the life cycles of an adult |
| George Herbert Mead | saw personality as multidimensional, but viewed its development as a social process, particularly relevant during childhood |
| Jean Piaget | contended that individuals pass through successive stages of cognitive development characterized by different level of intellectual process and abilities |
| Hunting-Gathering Society | a society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and finishing with simple technologies |
| Pastoral Society | a society that depends on domestic animals for its livelihood |
| Horticultural society | a society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops |
| agrarian society | a society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods |
| industrial society | a society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services |
| postindustrial society | a society where service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy |
| neotribalism | people retreat into groups, social networks, and organizations that share similar values and beliefs |
| virtual society | a social network of individuals who interact through social media to pursue common interests or mutural goals |
| Glocalization | the interdependence of the global and the local, resulting in standardized values producing unique outcomes in different geographic areas and cultural settings |
| Grobalization | the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations and their desire to impose themselves on various societies and cultures |
| society | people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture |
| sociocultural evolution | in a process in which societies grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure and cultural knowledge over time |
| culture | The learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members |
| Material culture | Artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and to which they assign meanings |
| nonmaterial culture | mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior |
| symbol | Anything to which group members assign meaning |
| language | a complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication |
| beliefs | assertions about the nature of reality |
| values | shared ideas about what is socially desirable |
| norms | expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group members |
| folkways | informal rules and expectations that guide peoples everyday behavior |
| mores | salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society |
| laws | formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society |
| taboos | prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable |
| sanctions | penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance |
| culture shock | feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to ones own cultural standards |
| cultural relativism | a perspective that asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours |
| subcultures | groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms and lifestyles |
| countercultures | groups that reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture |
| multiculturalism | a movement that encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences |
| eurocentrism | the belief that european cultures have contributed the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others. a focus on the contributions of europeans to history, math, science, and lititure |
| Afrocentrism | the perspective that emphasizes the preeminence of African and African American culture in human development |
| ideal culture | what people should do, according to group norms and values |
| real culture | what people do in everyday social interaction |
| cultural hegemony | the domination of cultural industries by elite groups |
| cultural lag | inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture |
| cultural ecological approach | an approach that examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment |
Created by:
kerri1060