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Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an Endocrine gland? | Targets a distant cell through the bloodstream |
| What is an Exocrine gland? | Secretes enzymes into ducts |
| What is Paracrine signaling? | Targets a nearby cell |
| What is Autocrine signaling? | Targets itself |
| What are Peptide Hormones and how do they work? | Bind to surface cell membrane receptor → receptors start cell signaling pathways via secondary messengers |
| What are Steroid Hormones and how do they work? | Diffuse plasma membrane and bind receptor in cytoplasm → hormone + receptor is transported into nucleus to act transcriptionally |
| What are Tyrosine Derivatives and what are the two types? | 1. Thyroid hormones — lipid-soluble, bind to receptors in nucleus, require protein carrier in blood 2. Catecholamines — water-soluble, bind receptors on target tissue, mainly act via secondary messenger cAMP |
| What are secondary messengers? | Small molecules that pass along signals (such as growth factors and protein hormones); initiated by ligand-receptor binding; amplify signal strength to target molecules in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
| What are examples of secondary messengers? | IP3, cAMP, Calcium, DAG |
| What are the 4 steps of the hypothalamus-pituitary relationship? | 1. Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland (APG) 2. APG responds by secreting hormones 3. Hypothalamus secretes ADH & oxytocin to be stored in the posterior pituitary gland (PPG) 4. PPG stores ADH & oxytocin for release |
| What are tropic hormones? | Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands |
| What does ACTH do? | Stimulates adrenal cortex → releases glucocorticoids |
| What does TSH do? | Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones |
| What does LH do in females vs males? | Female: triggers ovulation; Male: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone |
| What does FSH do in females vs males? | Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen; Male: stimulates seminiferous tubule maturation and sperm production |
| What are nontropic hormones? | Hormones that directly stimulate target organs |
| What does GH (Growth Hormone) do? | Stimulates bone and muscle growth |
| What does Prolactin do? | Stimulates milk production |
| Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones? | No — it does not synthesize hormones; it only stores ADH and oxytocin for release |
| What does ADH (vasopressin) do? | Increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of the nephron's collecting duct |
| What does Oxytocin do? | Increases strength of uterine contractions; stimulates milk ejection; induces maternal behavior |
| What is Glucagon and what does it do? | Peptide hormone secreted by Alpha cells; released when energy levels are low; increases glucose levels in blood; stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose; stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver |
| What is Insulin and what does it do? | Peptide hormone secreted by Beta cells; anabolic; released when energy levels are high; decreases glucose levels in blood; stimulates liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen |
| What is Somatostatin and what does it do? | Peptide hormone secreted by Delta cells; inhibits release of insulin and glucagon; increases nutrient absorption time by decreasing digestive system flow |
| What does the Adrenal Medulla secrete? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (tyrosine derivatives/catecholamines) |
| What do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do? | "Fight or flight" catecholamines; convert glycogen to glucose (↑ blood glucose); vasoconstrictor to kidneys and bladder; vasodilator to skeletal muscle; increase heartbeat; bronchodilation; prepare body for intense physical activity |
| What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete? | Glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone) and Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
| What do Glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone) do? | Raise blood glucose levels; degrade adipose tissue to use as energy |
| What do Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) do? | Increase reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys; cause passive reabsorption of water in nephron which raises blood pressure |
| What does the Pineal Gland secrete and what does it regulate? | Secretes melatonin; regulates circadian rhythm (sleep) |
| What is the function of the Thymus? | Immune function; secretes thymosins that stimulate white blood cells to become T cells |
| What does PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) do? | Antagonistic to calcitonin; raises Ca2+ levels in blood by: stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, increasing kidney reabsorption of calcium, and increasing calcium uptake from the gut |
| What are Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and what do they do? | Tyrosine derivatives; increase basal metabolic rate in body; iodine is necessary to synthesize thyroid hormones and prevent goiters |
| What does Calcitonin do? | Stimulates osteoblast activity (builds up bone by using calcium in the blood); antagonistic to PTH |
| What does Testosterone do? | Steroid hormone; increases spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics |
| What does Estrogen do? | Steroid hormone; menstrual cycle regulation and secondary sex characteristics |
| What does Progesterone do? | Steroid hormone; menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy |
Created by:
smurtab