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Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the immune system? | An organism's defense system against pathogens |
| What are the 3 lines of defense in order? | 1. Physical barriers (External) 2. Innate Immunity — internal cellular defense (Internal) 3. Adaptive Immunity — humoral response & cell-mediated response (Internal) |
| What is the innate immune system? | The first line of cellular defense; generates a rapid, nonspecific immune response |
| What are the physical barriers of external immunity? | Skin and organ mucosal layers |
| What are the chemical barriers of external immunity? | Stomach acid and lysozymes in the eye |
| How does the skin function as external immunity? | Oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands kill microbes; skin is the first barrier to pathogens and viruses |
| What are antimicrobial proteins and what do they do? | Lysozyme in saliva and tears; break down microbial cell walls |
| What do cilia do in external immunity? | Line the lungs and sweep invaders out |
| What does gastric juice do? | Stomach acid kills microbes |
| Where do all leukocytes come from? | Stem cells in the bone marrow; can differentiate into different types of immune cells |
| What is the relative abundance of leukocytes (most to least)? | Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils |
| What do phagocytic leukocytes do? | Engulf foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells via phagocytosis |
| What do Neutrophils do? | Function in the destruction of pathogens in infected tissues |
| What do Monocytes do? | Circulate in blood until they move into tissues via diapedesis, where they develop into macrophages |
| What do Macrophages do? | In tissues, they phagocytize cell debris and pathogens; derived from monocytes |
| What do Dendritic cells do? | Ingest pathogens and stimulate the acquired immune response |
| What do Mast Cells do? | Function in allergic response, inflammatory response, and anaphylaxis |
| What do Eosinophils do? | Surround and destroy multicellular parasites |
| What do Basophils do? | Release histamine in the inflammatory response; recruited to tissues when needed |
| What do NK (Natural Killer) Cells do? | Attack abnormal body cells — either tumors or pathogen-infected cells |
| What are Interferons? | Secreted by infected cells; stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend against viral infections |
| What are Cytokines? | Chemical signaling molecules used in the immune response for cell-cell communication |
| What are Interleukins? | A specific type of cytokine; IL-1 is involved in the inflammatory reaction; IL-2 triggers the adaptive immune response |
| What is the Complement System? | Contains complement proteins that circulate the body and assist in activating the immune response |
| What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)? | Critical to innate immunity; key proteins that link innate and acquired immunity |
| How do TLRs work? | Innate immune cells have TLRs that recognize molecular patterns present on the surface of pathogens |
| What happens if TLRs are deactivated? | The immune system would be inhibited |
| Which TLRs recognize Triacylated lipoprotein? | TLR2 and TLR1 |
| Which TLRs recognize Diacylated lipoprotein? | TLR2 and TLR6 |
| Which TLR recognizes Flagellin? | TLR5 |
| Which TLR recognizes CpG DNA? | TLR9 |
| Which TLRs recognize Imidazoquinolones? | TLR7 and TLR8 |
| Which TLR recognizes ssRNA (single-stranded RNA)? | TLR7 |
| Which TLR recognizes LPS (lipopolysaccharide)? | TLR4 |
| Which TLR recognizes dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)? | TLR3 |
| Which TLR has an unknown ligand? | TLR10 |
| Which TLR is shared between triacylated and diacylated lipoprotein recognition? | TLR2 (pairs with TLR1 for triacylated; pairs with TLR6 for diacylated) |
| What is adaptive immunity? | The specific, third, and last line of immune defense; develops after the body has been attacked; targets specific antigens |
| What is an Antigen? | A specific foreign pathogen or molecule that can trigger an immune response |
| What is an Epitope? | A specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds |
| What are Antibodies? | Proteins that bind to a specific antigen they recognize |
| What are lymphocytes? | Primary cells of the adaptive immune response; originate in the bone marrow and concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen |
| Where do B cells originate and mature? | Originate and mature in the bone marrow; activated in response to foreign antigens |
| What are antibodies produced by B cells? | Glycoproteins specific to an antigen; 5 classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM |
| What is the structure of antibodies? | Y-shaped proteins with constant and variable regions; found as receptors or free-floating (immunoglobulins); two heavy chains linked to two light chains by disulfide bonds |
| What is Clonal Selection? | When a foreign antigen activates a B cell, proliferation (expansion of the B cell population) occurs, forming daughter B cells — Plasma Cells and Memory Cells |
| What are Plasma Cells? | B cells that circulate in the blood and release specific free antibodies; dispose of antigens by agglutination, inactivation, opsonization, and lysis |
| What are Memory Cells? | Long-lived B cells that store memory of an encountered antigen; circulate, proliferate, and respond quickly to eliminate subsequent invasion by the same antigen; the secondary response is much faster than the primary response |
| Where do T cells originate and mature? | Originate in bone marrow but mature in the thymus; have antigen receptors |
| What are the 4 types of T cells? | Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells, Memory T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells | killer T cells that destroy by releasing perforin protein and via lysis |
| Helper T cells | stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells |
| Suppressor T cells | play a negative feedback role in the immune system |
| Memory T cells | similar in function to Memory B cells |
| What happens if an individual doesn't have a functioning thymus? | They would not be able to produce T cells |
| What are the two possible pathways of the adaptive immune system? | Humoral response and cell-mediated response |
| What is the Humoral (antibody-mediated) Response? | Occurs when extracellular pathogens are recognized in the blood or lymph; B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogen; B cells are critical to this response |
| What is the Cell-Mediated Response? | Occurs when an infected cell is recognized and bound by a T cell; the T cell activates other T cells, causing proliferation that leads to lysis of the infected cell; T cells are critical to this response |
| What is MHC? | A collection of glycoproteins that exists on membranes of all body cells |
| How does MHC work? | The immune system differentiates between self and non-self by analyzing antigens presented on MHCs; if a foreign antigen is presented, a T cell response is triggered |
| What does MHC 1 do? | Presents antigens depending on what is on the inside of the cell; all nucleated cells have MHC 1 |
| What does MHC 2 do? | Presents what is found on the outside of the cell; only Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) have MHC 2 |
| What are the 3 types of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells |
| What are the two divisions of adaptive immunity? | Active immunity and passive immunity |
| What is Active Immunity? | Acquired after direct exposure to an infection or vaccine; Natural — antibodies made after exposure to a pathogen; Artificial — antibodies made after getting a vaccine |
| What is Passive Immunity? | Acquired from external sources; Natural — antibodies transferred from mother to baby; Artificial — antibodies given via a serum injection |
| What are antibiotics and how do they work? | Facilitate human immune responses by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria; harmful to microorganisms by disrupting their biological mechanisms; overuse can lead to vitamin deficiency |
| What are vaccines? | Build immunity to a specific part of a pathogen by placing a weak or dead form of the pathogen via a preventative technique |
| What is the antigen binding site? | The specific region on the antibody where the antigen attaches; located at the tips of the Y-shape |
| What is the variable region? | The part of the antibody that differs between antibodies and determines antigen specificity; located at the tips of the Y where antigen binding occurs |
| What is the constant region? | The part of the antibody that is the same across antibodies of the same class; makes up the base/stem of the Y-shape |
| What are light chains? | The shorter polypeptide chains of an antibody; each antibody has two light chains |
| What are heavy chains? | The longer polypeptide chains of an antibody; each antibody has two heavy chains; determine the antibody class (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) |
| What is a disulfide bridge? | A covalent bond between sulfur atoms that links the two heavy chains together and connects heavy chains to light chains; stabilizes the antibody structure |
| What part of the antibody contains the variable region? | Both the light chain and heavy chain contribute to the variable region |
| What part of the antibody contains the constant region? | Both the light chain and heavy chain have constant regions, but the heavy chain constant region is larger and forms the stem of the Y |
Created by:
smurtab