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Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 main layers of skin? | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous) |
| How many layers does the epidermis have, and what is it? | 5 layers; the outermost layer of skin |
| List the 5 layers of the epidermis from outermost to deepest. | 1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Lucidum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale |
| What is the Stratum Corneum? | The outermost hydrophobic layer |
| What is unique about the Stratum Lucidum? | Only present in palms of hands and soles of feet |
| What happens in the Stratum Granulosum? | Skin cells lose organelles, begin dying, and are filled with keratin |
| What does the Stratum Spinosum do, and what holds it together? | Provides skin strength/flexibility; held together by desmosomes |
| What is the Stratum Basale? | The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed |
| What do Melanocytes do? | Transfer skin pigment melanin to keratinocytes |
| What do Merkel cells do? | Attach to sensory neurons and function in touch sensations |
| What do Keratinocytes do? | Produce keratin and help waterproof the skin |
| What do Langerhans cells do? | Interact with immune cells |
| What is the dermis? | The second layer of skin; highly vascularized; connected to the epidermis via the basement membrane |
| What are the 2 layers of the dermis? | 1. The Papillary Region 2. The Reticular Region |
| Describe the Papillary Region. | Vascular network within upward projecting papillae that supplies nutrients to the epidermis and regulates temperature; papillae contain Meissner's corpuscles (sensory touch receptors) |
| Describe the Reticular Region. | Region with dense connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers; packed with glands, sweat gland ducts, fat, and hair follicles |
| What is the hypodermis composed of? | Areolar and adipose tissue |
| What are the functions of the hypodermis? | Fat storage, heat insulation, shock absorption; contains pressure sensing nerve endings and passage for blood vessels |
| How does the skin aid in thermoregulation? | Aids in regulating body temperature; capillaries dilate to release heat and constrict to preserve heat; sweat evaporates to cool us down; goosebumps (piloerection reflex) elevate hairs to trap heat when cold |
| What is the skin's role in environmental sensory input? | Nerve endings convey temperature, pressure, pain, and touch |
| What is Vitamin D Synthesis? | UV radiation activates skin molecules to synthesize vitamin D |
| What is the skin's role in protection? | Physical barrier to abrasion, pathogens, and radiation |
| What is the skin's role in immunity? | Immune cells are in the layers of the skin |
| What is the skin's role in excretion? | Water and salts are excreted through skin |
| What are Eccrine Glands? | Type of sudoriferous (sweat) gland; opens directly to skin; located on majority of the skin; regulates temperature through perspiration and urea elimination |
| What are Apocrine Glands? | Type of sudoriferous gland; opens to hair follicles; more viscous secretions; located in armpits, pubic region, and nipples |
| What are Sebaceous (Oil) Glands? | Connected to hair follicles; secrete oil (sebum) that discourages microbial growth |
| What are Ceruminous (Wax) Glands? | Found in the ear canal; produce a wax-like material that acts as a barrier to entrance |
| What are Mammary (Milk) Glands? | Secrete milk |
| What is hair? | A column of keratinized cells held tightly together; unique to the skin of mammals |
Created by:
smurtab