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Anatomy Exam 2
Bones, Joints + Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agonist | primary muscle mover |
| antagonist | opposes or reverses the agonist movement |
| synergist | heps agonists, adds extra force to movement, reduces undesirable movement |
| fixator | synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle's origin, provides stable base for agonist to act |
| anterior side muscles | flexion |
| posterior side muscles | extension |
| muscles lateral to joint | abduction |
| muscles medial to joint | adduction |
| name skeletal muscles based on ... | location, shape, size, firection of fascicles, number of origins, locationof attachments, action |
| factors contributing to muscle force and speed | fascicle arrangement and lever systems |
| fascicle arrangements | parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate |
| how does fascile arrangement affect muscle movement? | affects muscle power and range of motion, longer fibers profuce hreater randge of motion, thicker muscles have more power |
| circular fascicles | concentric rings of fadcicles, ex. orbicular oris + occuli |
| convergent fasciles | broad origin, fasciles converge towards and since tendon point, ex. pectoralis major |
| parallel fascicles | fascicles parallel to long axis of straplike muscle, ec. sartorius |
| fusiform fascicles | spindle shaped (wide in middle, skinny on ends) muscle with parallel fibers |
| pannate fascicles | short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle, ex. rectus femoris |
| unipennate | fascicles attach only to one side of tendon |
| bipennate | fascicles insert from opposite sides of tendon |
| multipennate | appears as feathers inserting into on tendon, ex. deltoid |
| components of lever system | lever, fulcrum, effort, load |
| lever | bone that moves on a fixed point |
| fulcrum | joint, fixed point for lever to move on |
| effort | force from muscle contraction applies to lever to move load |
| load | resistance moved by effort, ex. bone or tissue or any added weight |
| power lever | load close to fulcrum, effort far from fulcrum, small effort to move large load, ex. car jack |
| speed lever | load far from fulcrum, effort close to fulcrum, load moved rapidly over large distance, wide range of motion, ex. shovel |
| 1st class lever | fulcrum between effort and load, ex. seesaw |
| 2nd class lever | load between fulcrum and effort, ex. wheelbarrow |
| 3rd class lever | effort between fulcrum and load, ex. forceps |
| head muscles | temporalis, masseter |
| facial muscles | orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris |
| neck muscles | platysma, sternohyoid, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius |
| shoulder muscles | trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major |
| thorax muscles | pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, intercostals |
| arm muscles | triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis |
| forearm muscles | pronator teres, brachioradialis, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longusextensor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, extendor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris |
| abdomen muscles | rectus abdoninis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdoninis |
| pelvis muscles | iliopsoas, pectineus |
| thigh muscles | tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, adductur longus, gracilis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, seminmembranosus, hamstrings |
| leg muscles | fibularis longus, extensor digitorus longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus |
| back muscles | rhomboid major, latissumus dorsi |
| hip muscles | gluteus medius, gluteus maximus |
| zygonaticus | toothy smile, diagnal up from mouth |
| risorius | grin, sideways out from mouth |
| orbicular occuli | closes eyelid, circular around the eye socket |
| orbicularis oris | puckers lips, circular around the mouth |
| platysma | fulls corners of mouth down, long down the neck |
| muscles for chewing | masseter (agonist), buccinator, temporalis (synergists) |
| masseter | agonist for chewing, wide over cheek |
| buccinator | synergist for chewing, small between mouth and masseter |
| temporalis | sygnergist for chewing, large above the ear |
| muscles to anchor and move tongue | genioglossus, hyglossus, styloglossus |
| sternocleidomastoid | major head flexor and rotator, works with scalenes for lateral head movements, starts at mastoid and branches down to clavicle and sternum |
| splenius capitis and splenius cervicis | work together for head extension, rotation, and lateral bending, goes from mastoic process to vertebrae |
| semispinalis capitus | synergist with sternocleidomastoid, from back of skull to ribs |
| scalenes | work with sternocleidomasteoid for lateral head movements, 3 muscles going from cervical spin to ribs |
| erector spinae/sacrospinalis group | prime movers of back extension and lateral bending, includes iliocostalis (most lateral), longissumus and spinalis (most medial), from ribs to pelvic bones |
| semispinalis and quadratus lumborum | deep back muscles, synergists in extension and rotation, between ribs and pelvis |
| external intercostals | superficial, between ribs, elevate ribs for inspiration |
| internal intercostals | deeper, under ribs, aid forced expiration |
| diaphragm | partiton between thoracis and abdominal cavities, important for inspiration, goes up when breathing out and down when breathing in |
| recus abdominus | six pack muscles |
| transversus abdominus | deepest abdominal muscle, acts like a tournaquete for support |
| external and internal obliques | diagnal fascicles |
| pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm | two paired muscles, lavator ani and coccygeus, floor or muscles support pelvic organs |
| urogenital diaphragm | contains external urethral sphincter for contron of urination |
| extrinsic shoulder muscles | work with rotator cuff increase in range of motion for arm movements, scapula work sto elevate, depress, rotate, protrate, and retract |
| anterior thorax muscles | pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius |
| pectoralis minor | protraction and downward rotation of scapula |
| serratus anterior | protraction, boxing muscle |
| subclavius | stabilizes pectoral girdle |
| posterior shoulder muscles | trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids |
| trapezius | upper elevates, middle retracts, lower depresses |
| rhomboids | major and minor, retration and downward rotation |
| pectoralis major | adduction and flecion or arm |
| latissimus dorsi | adductiona and extension of arm |
| deltoid | anterior fibers for flexion, middle fibers for abduction, posterior fibers for extension |
| rotator cuff muscles | suprespinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, sinscapularis |
| suprespinatus | assists deltoid in abduction |
| infraspinatus | assists shoulder for external rotation, large triangle by shoulder |
| teres minor | assiste shoulder for external rotation, small under infraspinatus |
| subscapularis | assists shoulder for internal rotation, small above scapula |
| briachalis and biceps brachii (2 heads) | chief forearm flexors |
| brachioradialis | synergist and stabilizer |
| triceps brachii (3 heads) | prime mover of elbow extension |
| anconeus | weak synergist, in elbow joint |
| pronator teres | pronate forearm |
| pronator quadratus | pronates forearm |
| supinator | synergist with biceps brachii in forearm supination |
| flexor carpi radialis | wrist flexion |
| flexor carpi unlaris | wrist flexion |
| flexor digitorum superficialis | finger flexion |
| flexor digitorum profundus | finger flexion |
| flexor pollicis longus | thumb flexion |
| extensor carpi radialis longus / brevis | wrist extension |
| extensor digitorum | finger extension |
| extensor carpi ulnaris | wrist extension |
| extensor pollicis brevis / longus | thumb extension |
| extensor indicis | index finger extension |
| abductor pollicis longus | thumb abduction |
| thenar eminence | weak muscle, ball of thumb, moves thumb towards little finger |
| hypothenar eminence | weak muscle, ball of little finger |
| lumbricals and interossei | midpalmar weak muscles, abduct and adduct fingers |
| hip movements | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation |
| anteror hip and knee muscles | flex femur, extend leg at knee |
| posterior hip and knee muscles | extend thigh, flex leg |
| medial hip and knee muscles | adduct thigh |
| lateral hip and knee muscles | abduct thigh |
| iliopsoas | prime hip flexor, assisted by medial adductors and sartorius |
| rectus femoris | hip flexion, assisted by medial adductors and sartorius |
| hamstring muscles | prime movers of extension, flex knee, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| biceps femorus | lateral hamstring, extension |
| semitendinosus | medial hamstring, extension |
| semimembranosus | medial hamstring, extension |
| gluteus maximus | assists hamstrings in forceful thigh extension |
| abductors | gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus |
| gluteus medius | abductor and medially rotates thigh |
| gluteus minimus | abductor and medially rotates thigh |
| gluteus maximus | abductor and laterlaly rotates thigh |
| external lateral thigh rotators | prirformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus superior + inferior, quadratus femoris |
| quadriceps femoris | sole entensor of the knee, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
| ankle muscle movements | dorsiflexion and plantar flexion |
| intertarsal joint movement | inversion and eversion of the foot |
| toe muscle movements | flexion and extension |
| tibialis anterior | dorsiflexes foot |
| extendor digitorum longus | extends toes |
| extensor hallucis longus | extends big toe |
| gastrocnemius | calf muscle, inserts on calcaneus through achilles tendon |
| extensor digitorus brevis | dorsal foot muscle, helps extend toes |
| superficial layer of plantar muscles | flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi |
| second layer of plantar muscles | flexor acessorius, lumbricals |
| tuberosity | rounded bone projection |
| crest | narrow, prominent ridge on bone |
| trochanter | large, blunt, irregular surface on bone |
| line | narrow ridge of bone |
| tubercle | small rounded projection on bone |
| epondyle | raised area above condyle on bone |
| spine | sharp, slender projection on bone |
| process | any bone prominence |
| head | connects joint to joint connection |
| facet | flat surface of bone |
| condyle | rounded articular projection of bone |
| ramus | arm like bar on bone |
| meatus | canal-like passageway |
| sinus | cavity within a bone |
| fossa | shallow, basin like depression |
| groove/bicipital | furrow |
| fissure | narrow, slit like opening |
| foramen | round or oval hole |
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