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rad202 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concave | a rounded inward or depressed surface-lordotic |
| Convex: | a rounded outward or elevated surface - kyphotic |
| Cervical and Lumbar | considered to be concave |
| Thoracic and sacral | considered to be convex. |
| Pedicles: | extend posteriorly from either side of the body |
| Laminae: | extend posteriorly from each pedicle to unite in the midline |
| Transverse Process | a projection that extends on the lateral sides where the pedicles and lamina join |
| Spinous Process: | junction where the two laminae meet on the posterior aspect of vertebrae |
| Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: | ight and left, allow for certain joints that must be visualized radiographically |
| *Intervertebral | amphiarthrodial joints found between the vertebral bodies where the intervertebral disks are tightly bound to adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability and also allow flexibility and movement of the spinal column. |
| Zygapophyseal | four articular processes that project from the area of the junction of the pedicles and laminae – superior and inferior articular processes |
| Costal: | found within the thoracic region, the 12 ribs articulate with the transverse processes and vertebral bodies. |
| C1 | Atlas |
| C2 | Axis |
| T1-T4 | smaller and share similar features of the cervical spine, T5-T8 are considered “typical” thoracic vertebrae |
| T9-T12 | are larger and share characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae |
| ERECT IMAGING | Allows visualization of spine alignment and ligament stability. Also allows natural curvature of the spine to be demonstrated, |
| -Clay Shoveler’s | results from hyperflexion of the neck – avulsion fracture on the spinous processes of C6-T1 |
| Compression | the collapse of a vertebral body |
| Jefferson: | comminuted fracture occurs by result of axial loading – landing on one’s head or abruptly on their feet. Primarily effects C1 since the skull collides with C1. |
| Odontoid | fracture involving the dens and can extend into the lateral masses or arches of C1 |
| Teardrop Burst | injury is caused when compression is applied to cervical region in a hyperflexed position- vertebral body is comminuted, with fragments going anteriorly and posteriorly. Commonly causes neurological damage |
| Unilateral Subluxation: | partial, one-sided misalignment of the cervical vertebrae often caused by high-velocity trauma (MVAs) that involves flexion-rotation of the neck. |
| Herniated Nucleus Pulpus: | herniated disk, when the inner part of the intervertebral disk protrudes through the fibrous outer layer into the spinal canal. Pressure can cause pain and/or numbness that radiates into the extremities. |
| Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, affecting more females than males |
| Scheuermann Disease: | seen in adolescents and is characterized by an increase in thoracic kyphosis |
| Klippel-Feil Syndrome: | congenital syndrome where multiple nonsegmentations and fusions occur within the cervical spine |
| Odontoid / Open Mouth | Odontoid process (dens) and vertebral body of C2, lateral masses and transverse processes of C1. |
| AP Axial | C3-T2 vertebral bodies, spaces between pedicles and intervertebral disk spaces |
| Obliques | Posterior obliques will show intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side of the patient farthest away from the IR |
| Lateral | Cervical vertebral bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, articular pillars, spinous processes and zygapophyseal joints |
| Swimmer’s | Vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces of C5 – T3 are shown. Left humeral head and arm raised up, and right humeral head slightly magnified and appear inferior to T4/T5 area |
| Sacrum | Inferior to the lumbar vertebrae; starts out as segmented, individual bones that fuse together over time to form the sacrum. |
| Two superior articular processes | the sacrum form zygapophyseal joints with the inferior articular processes of L5 |
| auricular surfaces | sacrum are the articulations with the ilium of the pelvis, which form the sacroiliac joint. |
| Coccyx | Most distal portion of the vertebral column -3-5 segments have fused in an adult to form a single coccyx -The distal pointed tip is the apex, and the broader superior portion is the base. |
| Chance: | results from a hyperflexion force that causes a fracture through the vertebral body and posterior aspects of vertebrae. Often seen in MVAs with lap-type seatbelts since they act as a fulcrum during sudden deceleration. |
| Herniated Disk | When pressure is applied to the spinal cord at these lower levels, it can cause the patient to experience sciatica – an irritation of the sciatic nerve that passes down the posterior leg |
| osteoblastic bony metastasis | Proliferative bony lesions of increased density |
| mixed type metastasis | Moth-eaten appearance of bone due to combo of both lesions |
| osteolytic | Destructive lesions with irregular margins |
| Spina Bifida: | a congenital condition where the posterior aspects of the vertebrae do not fully develop, resulting in an exposed spinal cord. |
| Spondylolisthesis | the forward movement of one vertebrae in relation to another. Developmental, most common, and requires spinal fusion. |
| Spodylolysis: | dissolution of a vertebrae – lack of development of the vertebral arch. The “neck” of the Scottie dog appears broken. |
| Liver | Occupies most of the RUQ. -Consists of a right lobe and left lobe, of which the lobes are separated by the falciform ligament. |
| Bile | aids in digesting fats by emulsifying fat globules and absorbs residual fat following its digestion |
| gallbladder | is composed of 3 parts: fundus, body and neck. Bile is carried to the gallbladder via the cystic duct. |
| gallbladder has 3 primary functions | stores bile 2. concentrates bile 3. contract when stimulated |
| Biliary Calculi (Gallstones) / Cholelithiasis | condition of having abnormal calcifications or stones in the gallbladder wich can cause a blockage in the ducts. Symptoms include pain, tenderness in RUQ and jaundice. |
| Cholecystitis: | inflammation of the gallbladder. Can stem from the presence of gallstones, when the bile begins to irritate the inner lining of the gallbladder |
| Oral Cavity – Mouth | Upper and lower teeth -Hard and soft palates -Tongue -Uvula |
| Stomach | Divided into 3 subdivisions: fundus, body and pylorus. |
| Duodenum | First portion of the small intestine that is observed during upper gastrointestinal exams |
Created by:
bquinonez23