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Gross Anatomy
Thoracic Limb Joints
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Joint | union between two or more bones by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissues or a combination of these tissues |
| Three main types of joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, & Synovial |
| Fibrous Joints | connection of bones united by dense connective tissue |
| Suture | found between flat bones of skull |
| Syndesmosis | radio-ulnar joint, joints between proximal ends of adjacent metacarpal bones (intermetacarpal jts.) |
| Gomphosis | attachment of tooth to bony socket |
| Cartilaginous Joints | Connection of bones united by cartilage with most of them being transient |
| Synchondrosis | costochondral junctions & temporo-hyoid jt |
| costochondral junctions | immobile, cartilaginous joints where the bony part of the ribs connects to the flexible costal cartilage at the front of the chest |
| Temporo-hyoid Joint | the articulation connecting the base of the skull to the hyoid apparatus |
| Hyoid apparatus | collective anatomical term for the bones and cartilage that suspend the tongue and larynx |
| Symphysis | a slightly movable, fibrocartilaginous joint where two bones are united by a thick pad of fibrocartilage |
| Fibrocartilage | a tough, dense, and highly resilient type of cartilage that acts as a structural shock absorber |
| (T/F) Symphysis bones are usually covered by hyaline articular cartilage, and separated by a dense connective tissue- or fibrocartilage disc (mandibular & pelvic symphyses) | True |
| Synovial Joints | Two articulating bones, whose articulating ends are surrounded by a joint capsule |
| (T/F) In Synovial Joints, articulating surfaces are not covered with hyaline cartilage | False |
| Joint capsule parts | outer fibrous layer & inner synovial layer |
| (T/F) the synovial layer synthesizes synovial fluid | True |
| Hyaline Articular Cartilage | highly specialized, specific type of hyaline cartilage exclusively on the articulating ends of bones within synovial joints |
| Hyaline Articular Cartilage Fxn | helps cushion compressive forces generated during weight-bearing |
| Hyaline Articular Cartilage Composition | extracellular matrix, cells, & water |
| Extracellular matrix of Articular Cartilage | Hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans (extremely hydrophilic molecules), collagen (especially types II, IX, & XI), & various additional proteins |
| Hyaluronic acid | highly viscous, large molecular weight molecule |
| Articular Cartilage Cells | Chondrocytes |
| Chondrocytes fxn | produce extracellular matrix components |
| (T/F) Collagen, proteoglycan monomers, & hyaluronic acid in articular cartilage act like a “water bed with springs” | True |
| (T/F) The arrangement of articular cartilage does not resists compression | False |
| (T/F) Collagen molecules should not be thought of as the springs of the articular cartilage "water bed" | False |
| (T/F) Collagen molecules of articular cartilage do not prevent excessive swelling & over-expansion of the cartilage extracellular matrix | False |
| Synovial Joint Capsule (Synovium) Composition | fibrous and synovial (synovial membrane) portions |
| Fibrous portion of Synovial Joint Capsule (Synovium) | composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. Usually contains medial & lateral thickenings (medial & lateral collateral ligaments) that serve to stabilize the joint |
| Synovial portion of Synovial Joint Capsule (Synovium) | composed of a layer of cells (synoviocytes) that synthesize a fluid (synovial fluid) which nourishes articular cartilage, and helps promote frictionless movement of apposing cartilage surfaces |
| Synovitis | inflammation of a synovial membrane |
| (T/F) The Synovial Bursa and the Synovial Tendon Sheath has an inner synovial cell layer & an outer fibrous layer just like the synovium of synovial joints | True |
| Synovial Bursa | a bag containing a small amount of synovial fluid (if healthy) |
| Synovial Bursa Location | between bony prominences and highly moveable structures or structures under high tension (usually tendons & ligaments, but also fascia and skin) |
| (T/F) Bursae are constant | False |
| (T/F) Presence of synovial bursa is determined by age, health, & usage | True |
| Bursitis | inflammation of a synovial bursa |
| Synovial Tendon Sheaths | (Essentially an elongated bursa) A tube-like structure that completely surrounds a tendon |
| Combined tendon sheath | A tendon sheath encircling two or more tendons |
| Mesotendon | linear junction where the right and left inner layers (portion of sheath fused to the tendon surface) meet. It forms a canal that allows for passage of blood vessels & nerves along the entire length of the tendon sheath |
| Vinculum | (A band or band-like structure) An interrupted mesotendon which is only present at a certain point or points along the length of a tendon sheath. |
| Tendosynovitis | inflammation of a synovial tendon sheath |
| Carpal Canal | A channel located on the palmar surface of the carpus |
| Carpal Canal Boundaries | Deep – palmar carpal ligament lateral – accessory carpal bone superficial – flexor retinaculum |
| Carpal Canal Contents | Tendons of deep & superficial digital flexor muscles and accompanying tendon sheaths; median & ulnar nerves; median a. & v.; ulnar a. & v.; radial a. &v., & palmar branches of the interosseous artery |
| Glenohumeral joint | (shoulder) the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder, connecting the scapula (shoulder blade) to the humerus (upper arm bone) |
| Glenohumeral joint fxn | hinge for flexion and extension during walking |
| Cubital joint | (elbow)It is a complex hinge joint connecting the humerus (upper arm) to the radius and ulna (forearm) |
| Cubital joint fxn | flex and extend the forelimb, allowing animal to walk, run, jump, and bear weight |
| Antebrachiocarpal joint | (wrist) located between the forearm bones (radius and ulna) and the top row of carpal bones |
| Antebrachiocarpal joint function | flexion and extension, absorbing impact during weight-bearing and stride transitions |
| Middle carpal joint | hinge located in the front wrist area, situated between the upper and lower rows of carpal bones |
| Middle carpal joint function | dissipate weight-bearing forces, act as a shock absorber |
| Carpometacarpal joint | lowest level of the canine "wrist" (carpus), located between the lower row of carpal bones and the metacarpal (paw) bones |
| Carpometacarpal joint function | critical stabilization point, acting as a spring that absorbs impact and helps maintain a rigid, upright stance during weight-bearing |
| Metacarpophalangeal joint | connects metacarpal (palm) bones to the phalanges (toe bones) |
| Metacarpophalangeal joint function | a dynamic hinge to allow flexion and extension |
| Proximal interphalangeal joint | the middle joint in the toe, connecting the first and second phalanges |
| Proximal interphalangeal joint function | primary hinge joint for flexion and extension, absorbing shock, providing traction, and maintaining stability |
| Distal interphalangeal joint | the very last joint in each toe |
| Distal interphalangeal joint function | claw retraction and extension, traction and grip, and fine-tuned balance while walking or running |
| Carpal Joints that communicate | middle and carpometacarpal |
| Attachment of medial collateral ligament of cubital joint | medial epicondyle and medial aspect of radius |
Created by:
satya.benoit