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Week 12 Assignment

Week 12 Assignment: Study Stack Exam Review

QuestionAnswer
Types of Mammography Screening mammography  Diagnostic mammography  Baseline mammogra
Illumination  Increased image brightness  Measured in units of lumen per square meter or lux
Visual physiology The structures in the eye that are responsible for the sensation of vision are called rods and cones.  When light arrives at the retina, it is detected by the rods and the cone
Fluoroscopic Technique Maximum image resolution is desired; requires high levels of image brightness.  Image intensifier raises illumination into the cone vision region, where visual acuity is greatest.  Brightness depends on the anatomy, the kVp and the Ma.
Input phosphor  Made of cesium iodide (CsI)  Receives radiation exiting patient  Emits light photons
 Electrostatic lenses Focus electrons
Output phosphor  Receives electrons from photocathode  Emits 50–75 × more light than received by photocathode
Photocathode  Responds to light exiting input phosphor  Emits electrons
Flux gain Number of output light photons/number of input x-ray photon
Brightness gain minification gain × flux gain
Minification gain (d1/d0)2
Conversion factor Output phosphor illumination (cd/m2)/input exposure rate (mGya/s)
Magnification Mode  Better spatial resolution  Better contrast resolution  Higher patient dose
Exposure rate Normal fluoro: ESE ≤ 100 mGyt/min  Interventional fluoro: ESE ≤ 100 mGyt/min
Automatic exposure systems Automatic brightness stabilization (ABS)  The input exposure rate to the image-intensifier tube is measured and should be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 μGya/s
Charge-coupled device When the CCD is directly coupled to the image intensifier, the entire CCD signal is sampled and drives the ABC system.  Digital fluoroscopy with CCD results in wider dynamic range and better contrast resolution than conventional fluorosco
Video system The progressive mode of reading the digital signal produces a sharper image with less flicker.
Flat panel display Flat panel digital display devices are easier to view and easier to manipulate, and they provide better images
Types of Interventional Procedures Angiography  Aortography  Arteriography  Cardiac catheterization  Myelography  Venography  Stent placement  Embolization  Intravascular stent  Thrombolysis  Balloon angioplasty  Atherectomy  Electrophysiology
Image Characteristics Image matrix  Pixels  Hounsfield units  Pixel size = FOV/Matrix size  Voxel size (mm3) = Pixel size (mm2) × Slice thickness (mm)  Computed tomography numbers  Image reconstruction  Multiplanar reformation
Spatial resolution  A low spatial frequency represents large objects and a high spatial frequency represents small objects.
Contrast resolution  Contrast resolution is superior in CT principally because of x-ray beam collimation and postprocessing.
Noise A large variation of pixel values represents high image noise
Created by: robertye12
 

 



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