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Physiology
Respiratory
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Nares | nostrils or external and internal openings of the nasal passages |
| Nasal cavity | large, air-filled space behind and above the nose in the middle of the face |
| Pharynx | muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus |
| Larynx | vital gateway connecting the throat (pharynx) to the windpipe (trachea), acting as a crucial organ for breathing, producing sound, and protecting the airway |
| Trachea | connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs, providing a clear, open pathway for air to move in and out of the body during respiration |
| Bronchi | the main, branching airways in lower respiratory tract that carry air from windpipe into lungs |
| Bronchioles | tiny, branching airways in lungs that deliver air from the larger bronchi to the microscopic alveoli |
| Alveoli | crucial site shaped like balloons where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and bloodstream |
| Primary Fxn of Respiratory Physiology | transport O2 and CO2 between the environment and tissues |
| Step 1 of Respiratory Physiology | Ventilation |
| Step 2 of Respiratory Physiology | Diffusion across Alveolo-capillary membrane |
| Step 3 of Respiratory Physiology | Transport of O2 &CO2 |
| Step 4 of Respiratory Physiology | Diffusion at tissue level |
| Ventilation | movement of air in & out of lungs |
| (T/F) direction of air affected by relationship between pulmonary (alveolar) and atmospheric (barometric) pressures: PA and PB, respectively | True |
| (T/F) Intrapleural pressure does not maintain a pull-on lungs | False |
| Intrapleural pressure | pressure within the fluid-filled space between the lung and the chest wall |
| Alveolar (pulmonary) pressure | air pressure inside the alveoli |
| Barometric (atmospheric) pressure | weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth's surface |
| (T/F) In normal (resting state) breathing, intrapleural pressure remains negative | True |
| Tidal volume (TV) | volume of air inspired or expired during normal (resting) breathing |
| Primary muscle(s) for Inspiration | diaphragm; also, some Intercostals |
| (T/F) During inspiration the thoracic cavity does not become enlarged | False |
| (T/F) In forced inhalation, additional (secondary) muscles become active | True |
| Expiration | mostly passive; relaxation of insp. muscles, & elastic recoil of nlungs & thorax |
| (T/F) There is a primary muscle for expiration | False |
| (T/F) Accessory muscles become active in forced expiration | True |
| Accessory muscles used during forced expiration | Abdominal muscles, intercostals |
| Residual Volume (RV) | volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal, forceful exhalation |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a full, forceful inhalation |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs including air that can't be exhaled |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | maximum additional volume of air you can forcefully inhale after completing a normal, quiet tidal breath |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | maximum extra volume of air you can forcibly exhale after a normal, passive breath |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | the maximum volume of air you can inhale |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | maximum amount of air that can be exhaled and inhaled |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | all air in lungs that can be exhaled and inhaled, including air that is impossible to exhale |
| (T/F) Lung elasticity does not result from tissue and surface tension forces | False |
| Pulmonary surfactant | A complex mix of lipids and proteins |
| (T/F) Pulmonary surfactant is present at the alveolar air-water interface | True |
| (T/F) Pulmonary surfactant does not decrease surface tension or increases compliance | False |
| Dead space air | Air in proximal respiratory tract (nares to bronchioles) does not participate in gas exchange |
| (T/F) TV, frequency (f) or both are responsible for altering the amount of air ventilating the alveoli during exercise &thermoregulation | True |
| Heat stress result in dogs | panting |
| Dogs (panting) | low TV, high f, increased Dead-space (DS) ventilation, increased evaporation, increased heat loss |
| Cold stress | increase metabolism ( incl. O2 consumption & CO2 production), Incr. alveolar ventilation (incr. TV), decr. DS ventil., & decr. f |
| (T/F) Respiratory function cannot be evaluated by counting the number of breaths per minute, f | False |
| Factors affecting ventilation | Damage to CNS, peripheral nerve damage, damage to pump (e.g., muscle paralysis, trauma to chest, bloated abdomen), lung resisting inflation |
| Examples of damage to CNS | Drugs or trauma |
| Examples of lung resisting inflation | airway obstruction and decreased lung compliance |
| (T/F) Partial pressure (concentration) of a gas affects the direction of its net movement | True |
| (T/F) Movement is independent of the concentration of other gases | True |
| (T/F) In a gas mixture, the composition of a gas can be described fractionally or by partial pressure | True |
| (T/F) Dry air does not contain 21% oxygen | False |
| (T/F) Total pressure at sea level does not = 760 mm Hg | False |
| (T/F) PO2 is not called oxygen tension | False |
| PO2 = | 160 |
| PAO2 = | 100 |
| PVO2 (venous blood) = | 40 |
| Driving force of oxygen diffusion from alveoli to blood | 100 (PAO2) - 40 (PVO2) = 60 |
| Timing of Equilibration of alveoli/blood pressure | occurs within 0.25 second |
| Exercise-associated hypoxemia | PVO2 < 40, cardiac output is higher, blood flow is faster; less time available for equilibration |
| (T/F) PCO2 = negligible in inspired air | True |
| CO2 pressure in upper airways | PCO2 ≤ 40 |
| CO2 pressure in alveoli | PACO2 = 40 |
| CO2 pressure in venous blood | PVCO2 = 46 |
| Driving force of CO2 diffusion from blood to alveoli | 46 (PVCO2) - 40 (PACO2) = 6 |
| (T/F) the small driving force of CO2 to the alveoli causes equilibration not to be achieved during the short transit time | False |
| (T/F) CO2 is 22 times more soluble than O2 | True |
| (T/F) Most oxygen is not combined with hemoglobin during transport | False |
| (T/F) 98.5% of oxygen is combined with hemoglobin for oxygen transport | True |
| (T/F) Plasma solution does not combine with a small amount of oxygen | False |
| (T/F) 1.5% of oxygen is combined with plasma solution | True |
| (T/F) Oxygen has great solubility | False |
| O2 molecules required to reversibly combine with Hb | 4 |
| (T/F) Hemoglobin has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains | True |
| (T/F) Each globin chain of hemoglobin does not contain a heme group in its fold | False |
| (T/F) Hb = Synthesized before RBCs lose their nuclei | True |
| About RBC | do not have organelles; generate energy anaerobically; cannot use the O2 they carry |
| (T/F) Each RBC has ~280 million Hb molecules | True |
| (T/F) Heme is not a protoporphyrin | False |
| (T/F) Heme has 4 pyrroles + ferrous iron at the center | True |
| Elements of CO2 transport | RBC and plasma |
| Percent of RBC involvement in CO2 transport | 90% |
| Percent of plasma involvement in CO2 transport | 10% |
| Type II Cell | creates surfactant and release when necessary |
| Type I Cell | participates in gas exchange |
| (T/F) CO2 is not transported as bicarbonate | False |
| CO2 transport in bicarbonate (%) | HCO3= 68% |
| CO2 transport in Carbamino compounds (%) | 22% |
| CO2 Dissolved (%) | 10% |
| (T/F) Exchange between blood and tissues occurs by diffusion based on conc. gradient | True |
| In exchange between blood and Tissue, PO2 (Driving force towards tissue) = | 40 |
| In exchange between blood and Tissue, PCO2 in systemic arterioles = | 40 |
| In exchange between blood and Tissue, Tissue PCO2 (Driving force towards blood) = | 46 |
| Eupnea | Normal rhythmic breathing |
| Tachypnea | Increased frequency of breathing |
| Hyperventilation | Increased alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic rate |
| (T/F) During hyperventilation arterial CO2 tension is not usually less than 37 mm Hg | False |
| Hypoventilation | Decreased alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic rate |
| (T/F) During hypoventilation arterial CO2 tension usually above 43 mm Hg | True |
| Apnea | Cessation of breathing in the resting expiratory position |
| Gasping | Spasmodic inspiratory effort, usually maximal, brief, and terminating abruptly; may be rhythmic or irregular |
| Pneumothorax | the loss the negative pressure in the pleural cavity due to punctured/damaged chest wall |
| Hypoxia | Low oxygen in a particular part of the body or tissue |
| Hypoxemia | Low oxygen in blood |
Created by:
satya.benoit