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Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an endoskeleton? | An internal skeleton found under soft tissue; the human skeleton is an endoskeleton with 2 major components: cartilage and bone. |
| What is cartilage? | An avascular, soft, and flexible connective tissue. |
| What is bone? | A hard, strong, lightweight living connective tissue. |
| What are the functions of bone? | Supports soft tissue, protects internal organs, assists in locomotion, stores minerals, produces blood cells, and stores energy in the form of adipose cells in the bone marrow. |
| What happens when stress is put on a bone? | Osteoblasts deposit collagen, calcium, and phosphate to strengthen the bone — the mineral hydroxyapatite is made. |
| What are osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells? | Cells part of the mesenchymal stem cell lineage that differentiate into osteoblasts. |
| What are osteoblasts? | Cells that secrete collagen and form organic compounds for bone formation; they differentiate into osteocytes and are incapable of mitosis. |
| What are osteocytes? | Mature bone cells that are incapable of mitosis; they exchange nutrients and waste material with blood and help regulate bone mass. |
| What are osteoclasts? | Multi-nucleated cells derived from monocytes that resorb (break down) bone matrix and release minerals (e.g. Ca²⁺) into the blood. |
| What is the order of bone cell differentiation? | Osteoprogenitor/osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes. |
| Which bone cell is derived from monocytes? | Osteoclasts. |
| Which bone cells are incapable of mitosis? | Osteoblasts and osteocytes. |
| What is a long bone? | A bone with a typically long shaft called the diaphysis and two ends, each with a metaphysis and epiphysis. |
| What is the diaphysis? | The long shaft of a long bone. |
| What is the epiphysis? | The end of a long bone; there is a proximal epiphysis and a distal epiphysis. |
| What is the metaphysis? | The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis. |
| What is the epiphyseal plate? | A sheet of cartilage found between the metaphysis and epiphysis; the location where vertical bone growth occurs in cartilage until being replaced by bone in adulthood. |
| What is articular cartilage? | Cartilage found at the ends (epiphyses) of long bones that cushions joints. |
| What is the periosteum? | The outer covering of bone that contains the nutrient artery. |
| What is the endosteum? | The inner lining of the medullary cavity. |
| What is the epiphyseal line? | The remnant of the epiphyseal plate after bone growth has stopped in adulthood. |
| What is an osteon? | The functional unit of compact bone; includes lamellae and Haversian canals. |
| What are lamellae? | Concentric rings of compact bone that form the Haversian canals. |
| What are lacunae? | Small spaces between lamellae where osteocytes are trapped; osteocytes exchange nutrients via small canals called canaliculi. |
| What are canaliculi? | Small canals connecting lacunae through which osteocytes exchange nutrients and waste. |
| What are Haversian canals? | Passageways for nerves, blood, and lymph vessels running through the center of osteons. |
| What are Volkmann's canals? | Canals that connect blood vessels and lymph vessels contained in Haversian canals; found in very organized, dense (compact) bone. |
| What is the medullary cavity? | The hollow part of bone surrounded by compact bone; contains yellow bone marrow (fat) and red bone marrow (the site of hemopoiesis or red blood cell development). |
| What is hemopoiesis? | Red blood cell development; occurs in the red bone marrow of the medullary cavity. |
| What is compact bone? | Very organized, dense bone. |
| What is spongy/cancellous bone? | Less dense bone consisting of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules called trabeculae; spaces are filled with red bone marrow. |
| What are trabeculae? | Bony spicules that form the interconnecting lattice structure of spongy/cancellous bone. |
| What is the axial skeleton? | The basic framework of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | Bones of the appendages, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle — everything other than the axial skeleton. |
| What are sutures? | Immoveable joints that hold together bones of the skull. |
| What are ligaments? | Bone-to-bone connectors that strengthen joints; includes the ACL ligament, which connects the femur to the tibia and limits rotational knee movement. |
| What are tendons? | Dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and allows for movement. |
| What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon? | Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone. |
| What is a foramen? | An opening in the bone that allows for the passage of nerves. |
| What is the foramen magnum? | The foramen in the skull that allows for the passage of the spinal cord. |
| What is the origin of a muscle? | The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone. |
| What is the insertion of a muscle? | The point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves. |
| What is flexion? | Bending of a joint. |
| What are the three types of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. |
| What is a fibrous joint? | A joint that connects bones via dense connective tissue without allowing any movement; e.g., between bones of the skull. |
| What is a cartilaginous joint? | A joint where bones are attached together by cartilage and allow for little movement; includes the spine and ribs. |
| What is a synovial joint? | The most common type of joint; allows for movement and is filled with synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant. |
| Which joint type allows the most movement? | Synovial joints. |
| Which joint type allows no movement? | Fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures). |
| What is red bone marrow? | The site of hemopoiesis (red blood cell development); found in the epiphyses of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone. |
| What is yellow bone marrow? | Bone marrow composed primarily of fat (adipose cells); found in the medullary cavity of long bones. |
| What is the nutrient artery? | A blood vessel that enters the bone through the periosteum and supplies nutrients to bone tissue. |
| What are the two major components of the vertebrate skeleton? | Cartilage and bone. |
| What makes cartilage avascular? | Cartilage lacks blood vessels, meaning it receives nutrients by diffusion rather than direct blood supply. |
| What is hydroxyapatite? | The mineral compound made when osteoblasts deposit collagen, calcium, and phosphate in response to stress on a bone; it strengthens bone. |
| What three things do osteoblasts deposit to strengthen bone under stress? | Collagen, calcium, and phosphate — forming the mineral hydroxyapatite. |
| What stem cell lineage do osteoprogenitor cells belong to? | The mesenchymal stem cell lineage. |
| What do osteoclasts release into the blood when they break down bone matrix? | Minerals such as Ca²⁺ (calcium ions). |
| What are osteoclasts derived from? | Monocytes (a type of white blood cell). |
| What is the proximal epiphysis? | The end of a long bone closest to the body's midline or point of attachment. |
| What is the distal epiphysis? | The end of a long bone furthest from the body's midline or point of attachment. |
| Where is red bone marrow found in a long bone? | In the proximal epiphysis, within spongy bone, and in the medullary cavity. |
| Where is spongy bone found in a long bone? | At the epiphyses (ends) of long bones. |
| Where is compact bone found in a long bone? | Along the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. |
| What does the ACL ligament connect? | The femur to the tibia; it limits rotational knee movement. |
| What is the function of ligaments beyond connecting bones? | They strengthen joints by holding bones together. |
| Give an example of a cartilaginous joint. | The spine and ribs. |
| Give an example of a fibrous joint. | The sutures between bones of the skull. |
| What fluid fills synovial joints and what does it do? | Synovial fluid; it acts as a lubricant to allow smooth movement. |
Created by:
smurtab