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Gross Anatomy
Basic Osteology & Thoracic Limb Bones of Carnivores
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Fxns of Skeleton | Support, Movement, Protection, Source of minerals, Source of stem cells |
| Minerals supplied by skeleton | calcium & phosphorus |
| Types of stem cells supplied by skeleton | RBC & WBC |
| Axial Skeleton | Bones of skull, ribs, vertebrae, & sacrum |
| Appendicular Skeleton components | Limb bones |
| Heterotopic Skeleton components | Os cordis, os penis, os rostrale |
| Bone | Form of connective tissue composed of cells, & extracellular matrix |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that make up the vast majority (90% to 95%) of all cells in adult bone tissue |
| Osteoblasts | Specialized cells responsible for the formation & mineralization of new bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | A specialized, multicellular cell responsible for dissolving & breaking down or damaged bone tissue |
| Extracellular matrix | Minerals (hydroxyapatite), collagen (type I), proteins, & water |
| Periosteum | Outer covering of bone |
| Endosteum | Inner covering of bone |
| (T/F) The endosteum only has the 1 inner cell layer while the periosteum consists of a 2 layers: outer fibrous/loose connective tissue layer and inner cell layer | True |
| Heterotopic | something occurring in an abnormal place or position |
| Woven (bone tissue type) | Immature form of bone which is randomly arranged; found in developing bones and areas of fracture repair |
| Lamellar | mature form of bone; arranged in highly ordered layers |
| Cortical or Compact | dense bone arranged in highly organized layers of lamellar bone |
| Cancellous or Trabecular | less dense form of bone arranged into a lattice consisting of spicules interspersed with spaces |
| Bone type that accounts for approximately 80% of skeleton | Cortical or Compact |
| Bone type that accounts for approximately 20% of skeleton | Cancellous or Trabecular |
| Type of bone where majority remodeling occurs | Cancellous or Trabecular |
| (T/F) Orthopaedic screws and pins are designed to be used with specific types of bone tissue | True |
| Epiphyseal line | ossified remnant of growth plate found in adult long bones |
| (T/F) The periosteum Consists of 2 layers – outer fibrous/loose connective tissue layer & inner cell layer while the endosteum only consists of the inner cell layer | True |
| (T/F) Mineral salts do not cause bone to be highly resistant to compression | False |
| Tensile | Pulling force that stretches or elongates |
| Collagen does not cause the bone to be resistant to tensile force | False |
| (T/F) the femur, humerus, and radius are long bones | True |
| (T/F) The carpal bones and tarsal bones are not short bones | False |
| (T/F) The scapula, ribs, and bones of skull are not flat bones | False |
| (T/F) The irregular bones are the vertebrae and pelvis | True |
| The sesamoid bones | dorsal sesamoid bones, palmar sesamoid bones, patella, fabellae |
| Pneumatic Bones | bones of birds & bones of the mammalian skull containing paranasal sinuses |
| Paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity |
| Epiphysis | enlarged proximal & distal ends |
| Diaphysis | elongated central portion |
| Physis | growth plate |
| Metaphysis | funnel-shaped portion connecting the epiphysis & diaphysis |
| Medullary cavity | a central space located within bones |
| The medullary cavity consists of | two forms of bone marrow called “red” and “yellow" |
| (T/F) Both forms of bone marrow do not consist of all of the following; arteries, veins, sinuses, and hematopoietic tissue (red & white blood cell precursors) | False |
| (T/F) Red marrow is found throughout immature bones | True |
| (T/F) Yellow marrow is not the main type of marrow found in adult bones | False |
| Hematopoietic tissue | specialized connective tissue responsible for the production of all blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| (T/F) Arteries typically bring oxygenated blood to the body | True |
| (T/F) Veins typically do not bring deoxygenated blood to the heart | False |
| (T/F) Most of the blood cell precursors of yellow marrow are replaced by adipose tissue | True |
| (T/F) Adipose tissue cannot convert to active hematopoietic tissue during times of stress | False |
| (T/F) The greater tubercle of the humerus, iliac crest, sternebrae, vertebrae, & ribs are sites where red bone marrow can be obtained for use in bone grafting | True |
| Endochondral ossification | formation of bone from a pre-existing cartilage model (long bones, short bones, irregular bones) |
| Intramembranous ossification | formation of bone from fibrous connective tissue (bones of the skull) |
| Remodeling | Coordinated action of osteoclasts & osteoblasts to reform existing bone |
| (T/F) biomechanical forces do not cause remodeling to occur | False |
| (T/F) Remodeling is a dynamic, on-going process which results in a net loss of bone with advancing age | True |
| Bone type that the majority of remodeling occurs with | Trabecular bone |
| Bone(s) of Thoracic Girdle | scapula & clavicle |
| Bone(s) of Brachium | humerus |
| Bone(s) of Antebrachium | radius & ulna |
| Bone(s) of Manus | carpus, metacarpus, & digits |
| Fovea | a small pit or depression |
| Fossa | a hollow or depressed area |
| Foramen | an opening or passage |
| Crest | a ridge |
| Tubercle | a small rounded projection |
| Tuberosity | an elevation or protuberance (larger than a tubercle) |
| Tuber | a swelling or protuberance |
| Meatus | an opening or passage |
| Process | a prominence or projection |
| Osteochondritis Dessicans (OCD) of the Shoulder | a disease of medium to large breed, and rapidly growing dogs in which subchondral bone fails to form beneath the overlying articular cartilage |
| Result of OCD (Osteochondritis Dessicans) | extra stress on the articular cartilage above the defect, resulting in tearing of the cartilage |
| (T/F) The torn cartilage resulting from OCD may remain attached as a flap, or break free and move around within the scapulohumeral joint | True |
| (T/F) OCD does not usually cause inflammation of the synovial membrane (synovitis) | False |
| (T/F) OCD lesions do not commonly develop on the caudal portion of the humeral head | False |
| Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process | uneven growth of the radius and ulna results in excessive loading of the medial coronoid process of the ulna during normal weight-bearing |
| (T/F) Under normal conditions, the radius is the primary weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium | True |
| Result of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process | fracture at coronoid process |
| Un-United Anconeal Process | A separate ossification center associated with the anconeal process of the ulna fails to close; cartilage of the ossification site fails to become ossified making it less biomechanically resistant to normal loading forces |
| (T/F) Un-united anconeal process is another condition which large breed dogs are not prone to | False |
| (T/F) An Un-United Anconeal Process results in tearing of the anconeal process at the ossification center | True |
| Primary location of carpal & digital extensor muscles | Craniolateral compartment |
| Primary location of carpal & digital flexor muscles | Caudomedial compartment |
Created by:
satya.benoit