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Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the mouth's role in digestion? | Initial digestion site; chews food and mixes it with saliva, creating a bolus |
| What are the structural components of the mouth? | Palate, uvula, tongue, and teeth |
| What are the three salivary glands? | Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid |
| What is the pharynx? | The throat; the area where food and air passages cross |
| What does the epiglottis do in the pharynx? | Blocks the trachea so only liquids and solids enter the esophagus |
| What is the function of the esophagus? | Connects the mouth to the stomach |
| How does food move through the esophagus? | By peristalsis via smooth muscle and salivary lubrication |
| How does food enter the stomach? | Through the lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter from the esophagus |
| Does the stomach absorb nutrients? | No; no absorption occurs in the stomach |
| What are the four main functions of the stomach? | Storage, mixing, physical breakdown, and chemical breakdown of food |
| What is chyme? | The creamy mass of digested food formed by the stomach |
| What does the stomach secrete to chemically digest food? | Gastric juice, which contains digestive enzymes and HCl |
| What do mucus cells secrete and what is its function? | Secrete mucus; lubricates and protects the stomach's epithelial lining |
| What do chief cells secrete? | Pepsinogen, which is activated by low pH in the stomach |
| What does pepsinogen convert to and what does it do? | Converts to pepsin, which digests proteins |
| What do parietal cells secrete? | HCl |
| What do G cells secrete and what does it do? | Secrete gastrin, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete stomach acid |
| How does food enter the small intestine? | Through the pyloric sphincter from the stomach |
| What is the primary site of digestion and absorption in the body? | The small intestine; most digestion and absorption occurs here |
| What are villi and why are they important? | Projections on the walls of the small intestine that increase surface area, allowing for greater absorption |
| What are microvilli? | Tiny projections on each villus that further increase surface area for absorption |
| What is the duodenum and what happens there? | The first segment of the small intestine; continues breakdown of starches, proteins, and remaining food types; majority of digestion occurs here |
| What is the jejunum and what happens there? | The second segment of the small intestine; majority of nutrient absorption occurs here |
| What is the ileum and what happens there? | The third segment of the small intestine; absorption continues; contains Peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue) |
| How does food enter the large intestine? | From the small intestine via the ileocecal valve |
| What are the 4 segments of the large intestine? | Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon |
| Where does the large intestine terminate and how is food excreted? | Terminates at the rectum; food is excreted through the anus |
| What are the major functions of the large intestine? | Water and electrolyte absorption |
| What do symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine do? | Aid in digestion and provide vitamin K and B12 |
| What does the liver produce and what does it do? | Produces bile; bile contains no digestive enzymes but emulsifies fats (mechanical digestion) and contains sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acid |
| Where is bile stored after being produced in the liver? | In the gallbladder |
| What happens if bile cannot be released? | Lipid breakdown would be compromised |
| What is the biliary flow pathway? | Cystic duct + hepatic duct → common bile duct → common bile duct + pancreatic duct → secretes into the duodenum |
| What does the pancreas secrete and where does it go? | Secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to the duodenum |
| What does trypsin/chymotrypsin digest? | Proteins |
| What does lipase digest? | Lipids |
| What does amylase digest? | Carbohydrates |
| What do nucleases digest? | Nucleic acids |
| What are zymogens? | Inactive forms of digestive enzymes; they are initially produced this way and then cleaved into their active form in the small intestine |
| What is the digestive enzyme flow from the pancreas? | Produced in pancreas → flow from pancreatic duct into duodenum → neutralize acidic chyme from stomach → allow digestion to occur |
Created by:
smurtab